Oxford Companion 4th Edition (Viticulture) Flashcards
1
Q
Who discovered Bordeaux Mixture and when?
A
Alexis Millardet (professor of Botany at Bordeaux Univ.) discovered in 1885
2
Q
What are the three primary ingredients of Bordeaux Mixture? (Is it ok to use for both organic and biodynamic viticulture?)
A
Once a much-used mixture of lime, copper sulfate, and water- Bordeaux Mixture is still used today by very traditional growers in some regions.
3
Q
What became the most important chemical for the control of both fungal diseases & bacterial diseases for 50 years in Bordeaux? (French name?)
A
Bordeaux Mixture (bouille bordelaise)
4
Q
Vineyards affected by copper toxicity in the Bordeaux area are much reduced in vigor, but the problem can be overcome by adding _______ to the soil.
A
lime
5
Q
What is a “Cane”?
A
“the stem of a mature grapevine shoot after the bark becomes woody (lignified) and tan-colored at Version and starts its overwintering form.”
6
Q
What is “Cépage”?
A
French for “vine variety”
7
Q
True or False: The number of canes and their weight and avg. size are important guides to decisions about balanced pruning and canopy management tactics.
A
True
8
Q
What is “Chalk”?
A
A soft and crumbly, highly porous (35-40%) type of pure white limestone and a word often used erroneously as synonyms with it
9
Q
Nama a few advantages one might find when growing grapes on chalk soil
A
-excellent drainage
-continued moisture supply is assured regardless of short-term fluctuations in rainfall
10
Q
Is pure chalk high or low fertility?
A
Low fertility- results in low vine vigor and good for canopy microclimate
11
Q
What is “chlorosis?”
A
a vine disorder in which parts or all of the foliage turn yellow due to the lack of chlorophyll
12
Q
True or False: The most common & extreme chlorosis is that which is visible in spring & early summer and is caused by iron deficiency.
A
True (common on soils high in limestone)
13
Q
Lime-induced chlorosis became a problem in parts of _________ as a consequence of __________ invasion at the end of the 19th century.
A
France; phylloxera
14
Q
Chlorosis is a common symptom of deficiencies of other nutrients such as: (name three)
A
Nitrogen, Sulfur, Magnesium
15
Q
True of False: The sensitivity of early post-phylloxera rootstocks to lime-induced chlorosis may provide part of the explanation for an apparent drop in quality in post-phylloxera wines
A
True
16
Q
True or False: Clay can both refer to a particular type of mineral found in some rock types and in soil AND a description of sediment or soil which is made up of particularly small particles.
A
True
17
Q
What is quartz?
A
Soils that have been weathering over a long-period of time
18
Q
True or False: Kaolinite clays tend to support stable structures whereas Montmorillonite clays may cause structural instability.
A
True: Montmorillonite clays show marked swelling when wet and shrinkage on drying
19
Q
Name one place in Bordeaux where clay can be important in vineyard subsoils because of its water-holding capacity
A
Pomerol
20
Q
What’s “chip budding?” (What’s it known in Europe and California?)
A
A popular method for the budding of vines, with a long history (aka- “yema bud’)
21
Q
What happens during the first growing season with Chip Budding?
A
A piece is cut from its original wood and a matching chip piece with a bud is cut from a scion cutting
22
Q
The ________ is inserted in the stock with ________ zones matching, then wrapped tightly with budding tape.
A
chip; cambium
23
Q
What is Cambium?
A
A zone of dividing cells in plants such as the grapevine
24
Q
____________, which may take place at any time of the year, may also be used for Top Grafting.
A
Chip budding
25
What is Top Grafting?
(aka Top Working: the viticultural operation of changing the fruiting vine variety of a mature vineyard by inserting a bud of the selected variety in each vine, but retaining the established root system.
26
What's "Coulure?" (What is it caused by?)
French term, commonly used by English speakers to describe one form of poor fruit set in the grapevine. (caused by an imbalance in the levels of carbohydrates in vine tissue)
27
Excessive shedding of __________ and young berries results in relatively few berries per bunch, either during or soon after __________.
ovaries; flowering
28
True or False: Very fertile soils, excessive application of fertilizers, vigorous rootstocks, and pruning too severely can also cause coulure.
True (especially fertilizers high in nitrogen)
29
What varieties are particularly susceptible to coulure?
Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Grenache
30
What is (CI) and when was it established?
Coulure Index (CI)- the higher the numerical value, the greater the expression of the condition.
31
What is a "cover crop"?
"a crop of plants other than vines established in the vineyard, typically between the rows, generally for biodiversity and the benefit of the vineyard soil."
32
Name a few other words that refer to "cover crop":
sward
sod culture
"couvert végétal" (French)
33
Name two reasons why cover crops are used:
1) to increase organic matter in the soil & hence improve its structure & capacity to hold water
2) to stop soil erosion in areas with storms and are especially useful in sloping vineyards
3) to compete with the vines, especially when they are two vigorous, and to encourage earlier ripening & improve wine quality
34
Slight water stress hastens the ripening process, so cover crops (which compete with the vines for ________ and _________, especially nitrogen) can help generate this stress in areas of high summer rainfall.
water (and) nutrients
35
Crop thinning is the viticultural practice which improves wine quality by encouraging what?
Fruit ripening
36
What does "Vendage verte" mean?
Green harvest
37
When is crop thinning usually carried out?
During Version (when it's obvious which bunches are slow to ripen)
38
True or False: The theory of crop thinning is that the remaining fruit ripens earlier, and so has better levels of sugars and anthocyanin for red varieties
True
39
Later bunch removal has more impact on _______, and earlier removal on ____________.
yield; fruit ripening
40
Name two varieties that are common to see crop thinning for large bunches
Merlot
Pinot Noir
41
Crop thinning became common in the early 1990's among better producers in ___________.
Bordeaux (where it has been practiced at Petrus since 1973)
42
What is a "cultivar?"
term developed by professional botanists to mean "a group of plants sharing common characteristics persisting under cultivation that have either been selected or otherwise genetically modified by humans".
43
True or False: According to the rules of plant taxonomy, cultivar would be a more appropriate term than variety.
True (but the term does not have a wide following outside professional botanists and horticulturists, EXCEPT in South Africa, where it's widely & generally used.)
44
What are "Degree Days"?
Unit devised to measure the temperature component of climate
45
What is "Downey Mildew" also called in some parts of Europe? (Where is it a particular problem?)
Peronospora (it's a problem in warm & humid springs and summers such as in Northen Europe)
46
Downey Mildew is caused by a disease called what?
Organism "plasmopara viticola"
47
True or False: Downey Mildew is one of the most economically significant fungal diseases affecting vines
True
48
True or False: Fungus is indigenous to eastern North America- so some species of Native American vines are relatively resistant
True - (i.e) Vitis Cordifolia, Vitis Rupestris, and Vitis Rotundifolia
49
What was used to combat Downey mildew?
Bordeaux Mixture
50
In what year was Downey Mildew accidentally introduced to European vineyards?
1878
51
Areas with low spring & summer rainfall are essentially free of downey mildew. Name one region in the world as an example.
Afghanistan, Northern Chile, Egypt, Western Australia
52
What does Downey Mildew fungus look like?
Leaves show patches of dense, white cottony growth on the undersurface.
53
True of False: Downey Mildew attacks all green parts of the vine and young leaves are very susceptible.
True (when severly affected, leaves will drop off)
54
What is "El Niño"?
"anomalous seasonal ocean current along the coast of Peru, and part of a much larger atmospheric phenomenon called the SOUTHERN OSCILLATION".
55
What is the "Southern Oscillation?"
an atmospheric phenomenon where it impacts vineyard production in several countries where climate is affected by the Pacific Ocean
56
El Niño occurs every _______ to _______ years, and is associated with atmospheric pressure changes in the ___________.
2 to 10 years; South Pacific (can be predicted well in advance)
57
Typical but severe effects were felt in 1998, which started with serious flooding in _________ and continued there throughout spring & summer to retard the likely harvest dates.
California
58
What is a "field blend"? Name three wine-growing areas today that have a lot of this.
a mixture of different vine varieties planted in the same vineyard; It's rare- but oldest vineyards: 1) California 2) Douro 3) Roussillon
59
What is a "galet"?
"pebble, cobble, or even a boulder that is well-founded but to abrasion through continual filling in fast-moving water"
60
Name two regions composed of pure white quartzite:
1) CdP 2) S. Rhône
61
True or False: In the Boutenac area of Corbières , the "galets" are formed from a brown-stained quartzite
True: "galets" are so iconic that the name is now applied to rounded rock fragments in other vineyard regions, irrespective of their composition
62
True of False: Underlying clays & sands are more significant for vine growth than galets itself.
True
63
Name two wine regions that have "galets" that differ. How are they different?
Arroyo Seco, California (galets= mixture of rock types)
Walla Walla, Washington (galets of dark basalt= old river channels)
64
What is "Gneiss"?
A dense, tough, coarse-grained rock in which distinct bands have developed, distinguishing it from other metamorphic rocks. The "distinct bands" look like paler feldspar and quartz alternating with darker biotite or amphibole.
65
True of False: Gneiss is resistant to weathering and usually yields thin, rather acid soils but is surprisingly common in vineyards.
True
66
Name a few wine regions that Gneiss is common? (2 OW & 2 NW)
(Old world): Austria: (Kamptal & Wachau); France: (Muscat/Roussillon/Côte-Rôtie)
(New world): Virginia (parts of it); Canada (Okanagan Valley)
67
What is "Goblet"?
"a form of vine-training system, used since Roman times, whereby the spurs are arranged on short arms in an approximate circle at the top of the trunk, making the vine look something like a goblet drinking vessel."
68
Does Goblet have any foliage supported by wires?
No wire support
69
How tall is the trunk of a Gobelet?
trunk is short, usually 30-50cm (12-19 inches)
70
True or False: The vines on Gobelet are free standing and the system is best suited to low-vigor vineyards in drier climates
True- making it a form of head-training and generally subject to spur-pruning
71
What is the name for Gobelet in Italy?
"alberelli a vaso"
72
What is the name for Gobelet in Spain?
"en vaso"
73
What is the name for Gobelet in Portugal?
"en taça"
74
In many New world countries, the traditional and low-vigor gobelet trained vineyards are called _________ vines.
bush (NW= Austrailia, South Africa, California)
75
What's "Granite"?
A coarse-grained, pale-colored igneous rock of plutonic origin
76
____________ are the dominant constituent in Granite, with lesser amounts of __________ together with minerals such as Mica and Amphibole.
Feldspars; quartz
77
Feldspars are rich in _________, although typically only a small proportion is available to the vine.
potassium
78
What is "potassium"?
chief mineral nutrient for vines and an indirect influence on wine flavor
79
True of False: Since quartz grains resist weathering, such soils are sandy & well-drained.
true
80
Granitic soils tend to have (high or low) fertility?
low fertility
81
True of False: Granitic soils are widespread and are favored for viticulture although they tend to be acidic
True
82
Name a few old world regions where granite exists:
- Dão
- (parts of) Sardinia
- N. Rhône
- Beaujolais
83
Name a few new world regions where granite exists:
- South Africa's Western Cape
- Coastal Chile
- Cali's Sierra Foothills (east of the Central Valley)
84
What is "greywacke" soil like? (how do you say it?
"gray-wacky" (from the German Grauwacke):
- tough, dark grey sandstone, with a high clay content
85
How are sedimentary rocks different from greywacke?
Most sedimentary rocks show a fairly uniform grain size vs. greywacke showing jumbled grain sizes, with thick accumulations of coarse material closely intermixed with fine clay.
86
True or False: "Coarse material" is typically quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments.
True (on land it weathers slowly, giving stony, free-draining soils.)
87
Greywacke is found both in South Africa's ___________ region as well as California's _______________ AVA in Sonoma.
Western Cape; Russian River Valley
88
Name three anbaugbiete in Germany where greywacke is found?
Mosel, Ahr, Mittelrhein
89
The bedrock spine of New Zealand's islands dominates gravels of mainly what three wine regions?
Hawke's Bay, Marlborough, Waipara
90
What's "grubbing up"? (what's it known in French?)
(Arrachage: AH-HA-SHAJ) "became common practice as part of the EU's various pull schemes aimed at reducing the European wine lake."
91
In the new world, Arrachage is generally referred to as:
"grubbing up" or ripping out (the vines)
92
Name the traditional/economical reason why one would rip out their own vines:
The vine age is so high and the average yield is so low that the vineyard is no longer economic
93
What's Inflorescence?
The structure of the vine that bears the flowers
94
At flowering, the grape flower becomes a _______ and the inflorescence a _________ .
berry; bunch
95
What is the "Lake Effect"?
The year-round influence on vineyards from nearby large lakes which permits vine-growing in areas such as the northeast U.S & Ontario, Canada despite their high latitude.
96
In winter, the large lakes provide moisture to the prevailing __________ winds, which creates a deep snow cover, protecting vines from _________ even in very low temperatures.
westerly; winter freeze
97
True or False: In spring, the westerly winds blow across the frozen lake and become cooler. These cooler breezes blowing on the vines retard bud break until the danger of frost has passed.
True
98
True or False: Warm breezes on the vines lengthen the growing season, by delaying the first frost.
True
99
What's "Layering"?
ancient method of vine propagation which involves taking a long cane from one vine and training it down to the soil, then burying a section to normal planting depth but with the end bent up and emerging in a desired position
100
French word for "Layering"?
"Marcottage" (mah-ku-taj)
101
True or False: Marcottage is a useful method of filling spaces in established vineyards but only if resistant rootstocks are not required
True (thus layering may be used only in areas without phylloxera, nematodes, and other soil-borne pathogens)
102
Name a few areas in the world where layering would be OK in:
- Bollingers's Vielles Vignes Vineyard
- Nacional Vineyard at Quinta do Noval
- Colares, Portugal
- (Much of) Australia & Chile
103
True or False: The foster vine may be left connected to the parent or may be separated after it has reached normal size.
True
104
What is "Lenz Moser" and how does it reduce vine density?
- A training system developed in Austria in the 1920s by Dr. Lenz Moser III
- It employs wider rows (3.3m /11.5 ft) and higher trunks (1.3 m) than had previously been the norm, thereby reducing vine density
105
Who developed the "Geneva Double Curtain"?
Professor Nelson Shaulis (was influenced by Lenz Moser)
106
What advantages/disadvantages did the Lenz Moser system have in parts of Europe in the mid 20th century?
(+) : It decreased labor and therefore production costs, without any needs for special machinery
(-) : (French & German studies found) reductions in fruit quality
107
True or False: "Lenz Moser" is probably more known as the biggest wine producer in Austria, with operations as far away as China.
True
108
What is "Lenz Moser" known as in German?
aka- high culture, or "Hochkultur"
109
What is "Loess?"
An accumulation of clay & silt particles that have been deposited by the wind
110
True of False: Loess is typically pale-colored, unstratified, and loosely cemented by calcium carbonate.
True
111
What are a few attributes on why Loess is favored for viticulture?
- It's porous
- permeable
- readily warmed
- easily penetrated by roots
112
Name a few wine regions where Loess is found:
- Washington State
- Tokaj
- (in some vineyards in)... Austria, Germany, China
113
True or False: The soil in Rheinhessen is partly derived from marl
True
114
What is "Marl"?
crumbly combo of limestone and clay (often added to soils lacking limestone)
115
Name three spots where "whitish marl" is naturally found? (Which one is BEST for whites?)
- Beaune
- Pommard
- Meursault (BEST)
116
There is pebbly marl in the _________ region of France, and __________ in the Southern Rhône has soils which are predominantly Cretaceous marl.
Tavel; Jura
117
What is "Millerandage?"
A condition of the grape bunch in which there is an excessive high proportion of seedless berries and 'live green ovaries' (LGO's) relative to seeded berries
118
Poor _______ _____ in the vine is a consequence of either couture or millerandage
fruit set
119
What are seedless berries sometimes known as?
Chicken berries (normal seeded berries are the hens)
120
True or False: Millerandage can be due to inclement weather at flowering, boron deficiency, or fan leaf degeneration.
True
121
True or False: Some winemakers believe that millerandage is good for wine quality as small berry-size makes better wine.
True (based part on experience with certain clones i.e- Mendoza clone of Chardonnay in Australia & New Zealand that typically displays high proportion of seedless berries)
122
What is "mycorrhiza"?
"the symbiotic relationship between vine roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil that increases the surface area of the roots and allows the vine to access and utilize nutrients in the soil more effectively."
123
True or False: Mycorrhiza has been shown not only to improve the uptake of nurtrients, but also to increase resistance to path pathogens and to improve soil structure.
True
124
What are "Nematodes"?
microscopic roundworms generally found in soil which can seriously harm vines & other plants
125
What type of nematodes occur mainly in sandy soil?
Root knot nematodes (presence is visible to the naked eye since the knots on the roots formed in response to their feeding resemble a string of beads.)
126
In 1958, it was discovered that ___________ ___________ was spread by nematodes of the species Xiphenema index, the so-called 'dagger nematode'.
Fanleaf Degeneration (discovery made by Hewitt & colleagues of UC-Davis)
127
What is a "node"?
"the part of a plant's stem at which a leaf is attached."
128
True or False: In the grapevine, the node is swollen & bears the leaf winter bud and lateral shoot.
True
129
What is Oidium? (Does it have another name?)
(aka- "Powdery Mildew") native to North America- first of the vine fungal diseases to be scientifically described in 1834 in the U.S, and causes minor damage on native grapes.
130
Odium was first noted in France in what year?
1847 (where it soon spread & caused widespread havoc to vineyards and wine quality.)
131
True or False: Many Native American vines are very resistant to Odium.
True
132
What does Oidium look like?
A fine, translucent, cobweb-like growth that spreads around the spot where the fungus penetrates. After 1-2 weeks, grey-white ash-like spores are produced on short, upright stalks. Infection looks powdery (hence, the name.)
133
What is "Partial Rootzone Drying?"
(or "PRD"), Australian irrigation technique designed to control vine vigor & maintain wine quality with minimum interference to yield.
134
It was discovered that when only a portion of a vine's root system was drying, _________ was reduced & shoot growth was slowed as a consequence of the production of the hormone _____________ by drying roots.
Transpiration (was reduced); Abscisic acid
135
Field experiments with what grape showed that it was possible to control shoot vigor and reduce the amount of water needed while maintaining yield & quality?
Cabernet Sauvignon
136
How does "PRD" work?
"with two drip irrigation lines per row, used alternately for irrigation while the other part of the root system was drying."
137
True of False: PRD can generate a unique physiological response that is distinct from what happens with conventional irrigation. (including regulated deficit irrigation)
True
138
What is "Passerillage"?
(French word for) "the process by which passerillé grapes are dried, shriveled, or raisins on the vine, concentrating the sugar in grapes."
139
True of False: Passerillage is an alternative to wines whose sugars have been concentrated by botrytis.
True
140
What are "Pectins"?
"carbohydrate polymers made up of galacturonic acid units which have the important function of 'gumming' plant cells together."
141
True or False: Pectins is a group that is diverse and includes: pectic acid, hemicelluloses and gums.
True
142
What are some associated sugars found with pectin?
galactose, mannose, arabinose
143
True or False: The pectin content of grapes decreases steadily throughout ripening.
False (it INCREASES, reaching levels of about 1g/ L)
144
True of False: Pectin is an important contributor to ___________
Colloids
145
What is another name for "Peronospora?"
Downey Mildew
146
What are "Pips?"
grape seeds
147
What is "quartz"?
silicon dioxide (silica), a very common rock-forming mineral
148
Quartz is seen as glassy, colorless grains in rocks such as ___________ & sandstone.
granite
149
Quartz also occurs as opaque, white veins filling gashes in __________, which weathering loosens into fragments that become the milky white pebbles seen in many vineyard soils.
bedrock
150
What is "Petiole"?
"the stalk of a plant's leaf which supports the leaf blade or lamina"
151
True or False: Petioles are stem tissue & branches from the main stem of the shoot having similar anatomical features.
True (at both ends of the petiole are swellings that alter the position of the leaf blade according to such stimuli as water stress & low light)
152
Samples of petioles taken at _________ are used as a basis for assessing a vine's status in terms of vine nutrition.
flowering
153
True or False: Characteristics of petiole vary with vine variety & growing conditions, being shorter on vigorous vines.
False ( ... being LONGER on vigorous vines.)
154
True or False: Between varieties, petiole length vary 2-8 inches, color varies green to red, and petioles vary from smooth to hairy.
True (these features help in Identification of varieties).
155
What is "Photosynthesis?"
" a biochemical reaction which combines water & atmospheric carbon dioxide using the energy of the sun to form sugars in plants, including vines."
156
What is the chemical equation of photosynthesis?
(Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight = sugar + oxygen) OR (6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy = C6 H12 O6 + 6O2)
157
What capture's the sun's energy in photosynthesis?
green chlorophyll pigments in leaves
158
True or False: Photosynthesis is the essential first step in the winemaking process.
True (sugars formed in photosynthesis, along with other chemical products derived from sugar, are transported to grape berries and eventually fermented into Ethanol to produce wine)
159
Name the three most important climatic controls for photosynthesis:
- sunlight
- temperature
- water stress
160
Since reactions in photosynthesis takes place inside the leaf, ____________ must be able to diffuse in and _______________ out.
Carbon dioxide; oxygen (this takes place through minute pores called stomata on underside of leaves)
161
True or False: Monterey, California is one example of a wine region where wine can cause the stomata to close
True (when stomata closes- grape ripening slows)
162
True or False: As a general rule, photosynthesis is enhanced by sunny conditions & mild temperatures.
True (these conditions are known to give max sugar concentration in grapes and the best wine quality)
163
What is"Pierce's disease"?
(PD) is one of the vine bacterial diseases most feared around the world as it can quickly kill vines and there is no cure.
164
True or False: Pierce's Disease (PD) is a principal factor for limiting grape-growing in the Gulf Coastal plains (Texas) & Southern California.
True (PD originated on the American continent as the disease was first described in 1892 in southern California as 'Anaheim disease' but was later named after the Californian researcher 'Pierce'.)
165
Originally believed to be a virus, Pierce's Disease is now known to be caused by a bacterium called __________ ___________.
Xylella fastidiosa ( lives in a wide range of host plants & causes damage to almonds and Lucerne (alfalfa)
166
What spreads bacterium and can fly further and more frequent than sharpshooters (or leaf hoppers)?
Glassy-winged sharpshooter (into Southern California in the 1980's has led to far more widespread damage)
167
True or False: Pinot Noir & Chardonnay are more (especially) susceptible to Pierce's disease.
True
168
True or False: Hot summers appear to limit where the disease occurs in North America & could do the same in Northern Europe.
False: (COLD WINTERS appear to limit......)
169
What's "Quartzite"?
"a metamorphic rock that was originally a quartz-rich sandstone."
170
What color is Quartzite usually?
"(usually) pale-colored to white with a "sugary" appearance.
171
True or False: In modern usage quartzite refers to a compact, metamorphic fusion the quartz grains & silica cement of the original sandstone, which makes it robust & resistant to soil erosion.
true
172
Name a two countries (and their wine regions) where quartzite occurs:
- Germany (Nahe, Rheinhessen)
- Spain (Calatayud)
- South Australia (Barossa Valley, Clare Valley)
173
Quartzite is much more commonly seen in vineyards as rock fragments in the soil, including the archetypal galets of what famous Southern Rhône wine region?
Chateauneuf-du-Pape
174
"An instrument for measuring a refractive index, which is related to the amount by which the angle of a light wave is changed when passing through the boundary between two media".
What is a "refractometer?"
175
True of False: A refractometer is widely used (in viticulture & winemaking) to follow the ripeness of grapes (by measuring must weight) and changes during vilification.
True (Refractometers may be precision laboratory instruments or pocket versions that can be used in the vineyard)
176
Temperature control (for refractometers) is important for ______________.
accuracy
177
What is "respiration"?
"a biochemical process in animals & plants, including vines, which provides the chemical energy required for other reactions & for growth."
178
Respiration may be considered the opposite of ____________ in that oxygen is consumed & carbon dioxide & energy is released.
Photosynthesis
179
True or False: In addition to sugars, other compounds such as starch, fats, amino acids, organic acids, & other substances may be broken to release energy (for respiration)
True
180
In plants, ____________ has a major effect on respiration rate. The rate of respiration approximately doubles for each 10 degree C/ 18 degree F increase in temperature.
temperature
181
Of particular interest to wine drinkers is the respiration of ___________, which takes place in the grape during ripening.
malic acid (this reaction depends on temperature, an important reason why acidity levels are higher in wines from cooler climates)
182
True of False: Respiration is also the name given to the metabolism of foodstuffs in humans.
True
183
What is a "rootling"?
"a one-year old vine grown in a nursery, the common material used for planting a vineyard."
184
True or False: Most species of the vine genus vitis, especially vinifera varieties, form roots readily on their cuttings, but some rootstocks such as Vitis berlandieri & Vitis champini form roots poorly.
True
185
What is "Schist"?
A metamorphic rock with a distinct planar aspect due chiefly to the parallel alignment of some of its constituent minerals best shown by mica & amphibole.
186
Schist has developed a coarser grain-size than __________, having been subjected to greater burial temperatures & pressures, and as a result splits less cleanly.
slate (the transition between slate & schist is therefore gradual, and the distinction rather subjective.
187
True or False: The rocks of Priorat are described by some as slate and others as schist.
True
188
Name one place in Languedoc where you might find schist
- Banyuls
- Faugères
- (and parts of): St- Chinian & Corbières
189
Why are some Douro vineyards "better performing" than others?
Douro vineyards that are close to vertical are ideal for vines (roots) to penetrate & for rainwater to percolate through. This is why schist vineyards perform better than those on region's massive granite vineyards.
190
True or False: Schist is found in New Zealand's Central Otago
True
191
What is a "Scion"?
a piece of the fruiting vine that is grafted on to the quite separate rootstock
192
True of False: When a Scion is grown, such a plant will have the leaves & desired fruit of one vine variety (i.e Cabernet Sauvignon), but the roots of the other rootstock (i.e 110 Richter)
true
193
Grafting is very widely used in viticulture since rootstocks are needed to combat soil-borne pests or diseases, such as ___________ & ________________.
phylloxera; nematodes
194
What is a "seedling"?
"the young plant that develops when a seed germinates"
195
The growth of seedlings is important in ______ _________ but not otherwise in commercial viticulture, as vines are propagated from cuttings.
vine breeding
196
Grape seeds have _________ __________ which develop rapidly as the seed germinates, growing a freely branching tap-root & a shoot.
tiny embryos
197
What does "Scott Henry" refer to in terms of vine training? (Who was he?)
"A vine training system whereby the canopy is divided vertically and the shoots are separated & trained in two curtains, upwards & downwards." (He was a Oregon vine-grower of the 1980s)
198
Scott Henry system is suited to moderate-vigor vineyards with row spacing of about _______ meters or more.
TWO meters (It became widely used in many new world countries in the 90's as it was suitable for mechanical harvesting & potential for improving wine quality & yield.
199
True or False: Scott Henry system was originally developed for cane-pruning.
True
200
What's "Shale"?
A very fine-grained sedimentary rock, usually dark-colored, which is weak & easily split because of the way the clayey sediment has settled, so that shale always breaks roughly parallel to the stratification of the sedimentary rock, unlike some metamorphic rocks (see slate and, especially schist)
201
What is "Silt"? (Name one very popular wine growing region in Northern California that silt dominates)
"a description of particles of intermediate size between clay & sand" (Napa Valley)
202
Grains of silt dominate Loess and are often predominant in ____________ soils
alluvial
203
What is a "slope"?
"an incline and important characteristic of any vineyard site that is not completely flat."
204
What is a "spur?"
a viticultural term for a shortened grapevine cane
205
A spur is a ____________ formed by pruning the cane between 1-4 ___________, usually 2.
stub; nodes (spurs are used to provide the next season's fruiting shoots)
206
True or False: Of all pruning systems, spur pruning is the most severe since over 90% of the previous year's cane growth is removed.
True (spurs are also left on cane-pruned vines to augment replacement canes at next pruning)
207
What is "T-Budding"?
"a budding method used extensively in woody horticultural plants, including the grapevine, normally for field grafting onto a rootstock."
208
T-Budding entails making a T-shaped cut in the __________ of the rootstock, when the bark is slipping, then lifting back the flaps to permit insertion of a ___________ cut from scion with a bud on it.
bark; shield-shaped piece (after insertion, the bud is wrapped tightly with budding tape to ensure close contact of the tissues and high humidity around the cuts.)
209
True or False: T-Budding can be done when the bark of the stock lifts freely, during 2-3 months over mid-summer.
True (Scion buds may be taken from stored winter cuttings or green current shoots.)
210
As with chip budding, T-budding may be used for.....
Top grafting
211
What is "teinturier"?
literally means 'dyer' in French, which is the function for which these vines with their red-fleshed grapes were initially grown, notably in the Midi, to add at least depth to the pale wines of the dominant ARAMON in the years of the 20th century.
212
Teinturier is sometimes called __________, was probably extremely ancient and it was first noted around Orléans in the 17th & 18th centuries, where it imbued the pale pink wines of the region with valuable color.
Teinturier du Cher (DNA profiling strongly suggests a parent-offspring relationship with Savagnin.)
213
Carmina, Deckrot, Dunkelfelder, Kolor, and Selmer are all useful red-fleshed varieties from what country?
Germany
214
Georgian teinturier is known as what?
Saperavi (deep-pink fleshed)
215
Only teinturier French hybrid to be authorized in France?
Colonel (Seibel 8357)
216
Spanish name for Alicante Bouchet?
Garnacha Tintorera
217
What are "terpenes"?
"distinctive flavor compounds associated with the floral & citrus aromas found in wines made from such varieties as Muscat, Gewurtztraminer, & Riesling."
218
True or False: Terpenes can also be found in oak.
True (particularly American oak)
219
What is "Terra Rossa"?
"a red-brown loam or clay directly over well-drained limestone found typically in regions with a Mediterranean climate."
220
Name three areas where Terra Rossa can be found
- Southern Europe (La Mancha)
- North Africa
- (parts of) Australia - Coonawara
221
What is "Tufa"?
"A rock formed by the localized precipitation of calcium carbonate."
222
True or False: Tufa is found in springs, caves, river beds, and lake edges
True ("tuffeau" from Loire Valley is different from "Tuff")
223
What is "Translocation"?"
"the plant physiological process whereby soluble materials such as dissolved salts, organic materials, and growth substances are moved around the vine in the phloem"
224
What is the principal form in which carbohydrates are moved in regards to Translocation?
Sucrose (and the phloem sap also contains amino acids and organic acids, inorganic nutrients, plant hormones, and alkaloids.
225
True or False: Potassium going into fruit is one example of Translocations.
True (movement of inorganic nutrients absorbed by roots from the soil to other parts of the vine.)
226
Translocation also includes the important movement of sucrose formed by _____________ away from the leaves to the fruit which will eventually become alcohol in wine.
photosynthesis (malic acid, tartaric acid, elements, & compounds, containing nitrogen during ripening are crucial to chemical composition in grapes and thus to eventual wine quality)
227
_________ such as auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins all play an important role in regulating translocation.
Hormones
228
What is "transpiration?"
A physiological process whereby water taken up from a vine's roots is evaporated through the leaves (important in preventing the vine from overheating in sunny weather).
229
Water & dissolved elements move in the so called transpiration is an energy-driven process due to leaves absorbing __________.
Xylem (fluid also contains relatively large amounts of amino acids, especially glutamine, organic acids, especially magic, & small amounts of sugars).
230
What are two things controlled by transpiration?
- atmosphere
- plant factors
231
High transpiration rates are due to low ______, high _______________, temperature, and wind speed.
(low) humidity; (high) sunshine
232
Which variety is more prone to water stress than others? (why?)
Semillon (Its because the stomata are more open, both day and night, and are slow to shut under water stress.)
233
Typically, during the days as temperatures rise, humidity falls, and so transpiration is fastest WHEN?
In the early afternoon
234
What is "Tuff"?
"a fine-grained volcanic rock created when fine, ashy material ejected during a volcanic eruption settles, accumulates, and through time becomes progressively hardened."
235
True or False: Tuff varies in composition and color, depending on the chemistry of the parent volcano but all compromise several silicate minerals and so have plenty of potential nutrients for the vine.
True (geologically, young tuffs can still be relatively soft & easily weathered.)
236
Tuffaceous soils, such as those found in parts of Southern Italy and the island of __________, can be deep and fertile.
Sicily
237
Name three places in Hungary where young tuff is so soft that extensive wine cellars are made:
- Tokaj
- Eger
- Bükk
238
True or False: Confusingly, some wine literature refers to tuff as TUFA, which is geologically quite different.
True
239
In Italy, ______ is sometimes used inexactly to refer to certain limestone soils as well as to those of volcanic origin.
tufo
240
What is "tuffeau"?
a common rock type in Central Loire
241
Tuffeau blanc is calcareous but provides much better drainage than most ___________.
limestones
242
Tuffeau was used to build many of the chateaux of what Valley in France?
Loire Valley (remaining hollows in the rock have been adapted for winemaking and storage)
243
The overlaying tuffeau is more sandy, and is particularly suitable for the Cab Franc vine, underlying some of the best vineyards in what two wine communes in Loire Valley?
Chinon
Saumur-Champigny
244
True of False: Tuffeau is distinct from both Tufa & Tuff
True
245
What is "Veraison"?
"word used in viticulture for that intermediate stage of grape berry development which marks the beginning of ripening."
246
True or False: At the beginning- berries are hard and green, and about half their final size
True (during veraison, the berries change skin colorant soften, sugars and volume increase, and acidity decreases.)
247
The color of the grape before veraison is due to green _________, and at veraison berry skin changes color to red-black or yellow-green, depending on the variety.
chlorophyll
248
True or False: The inception of veraison is rapid and dramatic, but not all berries on a vine, nor indeed in a bunch, show veraison simultaneously.
true
249
After about ____ days the berries soften and begin to accumulate _______ and ________, and begin to grow.
six (days): glucose and fructose
250
At about the same time as veraison occurs, what begins?
cane ripening
251
Verasion is delayed in vines with (small/large) crops, with many actively growing shoot tips and shaded fruit.
large
252
Exposed grapes on vines which have a high leaf to fruit ratio and which are experiencing mild water stress (and hence no active shoot growth) undergo veraison FIRST or LAST?
First
