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(FWS) Southwest France/Languedoc Flashcards

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1
Q

What style of wine is Bergerac AOC authorized for? Name all grapes allowed

A

Red and Rosé must contain at least two types of the following grapes: Cabernet Sauvignon & Franc, Merlot, Côt (Malbec), Fer Servadou, Mérille (aka Périgold)

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2
Q

True or False: Bergerac AOC wine must be greater than 10% abv and max crop is 3.3 tons/acre

A

True

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3
Q

This dry white AOC must contain at least two of the following varieties: Sémillon, Sauvignon, Muscadelle, Ondenc, Chenin Blanc, plus up to 25% Ugni Blanc

A

Bergerac Sec AOC (if Ugni Blanc is present, Sauvignon must also be present in at least the same amount)

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4
Q

What is Bergerac Sec AOC’s max yields and min. abv?

A

Max yields= 3.6 tons/acre (60 hl/ha)
at least 10% minimum alcohol/volume (abv)

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5
Q

Describe and talk about Saussignac AOC (grapes used, style, R.S, max yields)

A

(liquorex), Grapes used: Semillon, Sauvignon, Muscadelle,
R.S must be > 4.5% (45 g/L); wine must be 12% alc.
Max yields: 1.5 tons/acre; Style: Late Harvest or Bortrytis

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6
Q

Describe and talk about Rosette AOC (grapes used, R.S,max yields)

A

Sémillon, Sauvignon, and Muscadelle.
R.S must be between 0.8-5.4% (8-54 g.L)
Wines must achieve at least 11% alcohol and max yields is 2.4 tons/acre (40hl/ha)

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7
Q

Describe Monbazillac AOC

A

Style can be “Mouelleux” (grapes must be late harvest and/or botrytized but must be harvested by hand); R.S= 4.5% (45g/L)
“Liquorex” (hand harvested, botrytized grapes and needs to achieve R.S 8.5% (85 g/L)
Grapes: Semiilon, Sauvignon Blanc & Gris, Muscadelle
Min. for both wines set at 12% abv; max yield is 1.8 tons/acre (30hl/ha)

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8
Q

What is the AOC that is NE of Toulouse and east of Fronton and authorizes red, rosé, and dry, sweet sparkling whites?

A

Gaillac AOC

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9
Q

What is the name of the river in Gaillac where its vineyards flank both sides of it?

A

Tarn river

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10
Q

Name a few non-mainstream varieties that Gaillac grows

A

(white) Len de l’El (also called Loin de l’Oeil
(red) Duras, Prunelard, Fer

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11
Q

What is the main grape and which two are also allowed to make up the blend in Cahors AOC?

A

Min. 70% Malbec with up to 30% Merlot and/or Tannat added to blend.

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12
Q

True or False: The inky black wines of Cahors were favored by notable elite such as King Henry 2nd of England, Emperor Peter of Russia, and Pope John 22nd.

A

True

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13
Q

Name a few tasting notes one might get from tasting a Cahors

A

Tobacco, plum, prune, (hint of) green apple

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14
Q

Name two synonyms of Malbec

A

Côte
Auxerrois

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15
Q

Name some factors that influences the climate in Cahors

A

Influenced by both the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea with warm southerly breezes impacting and prolonging a sunny, dry Autumn.

The Lot River also tempers the climate by providing frost protection to those vineyards close to it.

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16
Q

In what year did the winter freeze wreak havoc upon vineyards of Bordeaux & SW France in general?

A

1956

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17
Q

True or False: Bordeaux did not re-plant Malbec after the freeze year- but Cahors did and as a result, most Malbec vines in AOC are 60 years of age

A

True

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18
Q

What is the two grapes MUST comprise more than 50% of the blend in Jurançon Sec?

A

Petit Manseng
Gros Manseng

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19
Q

What style is Jurançon sec? (what is sugar % at harvest?)

A

Dry whites (harvested at 18.7% sugar)

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20
Q

Name the other grapes allowed in Jurançon sec other than Petit Manseng and Gros Manseng?

A

Courbu
Petit Courbu
Camaralet & Lauzet (obscure grapes)

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21
Q

What style is Jurançon moelleux/liquoreux white? (What is sugar % at harvest?)

A

A sweet wine white made according to same blending formula as Jurançon Sec; but these grapes are hand-harvested very late in the season at 21.2% sugar.

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22
Q

True of False: Max yield per ton for Jurançon Sec is 2.4 tons/ acre (40hl/ ha) while Jurançon moelleux/liquoreux is 3.6 tons/ acre (60hl/ ha)

A

False: (other way around)

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23
Q

Wine law mandates for Jurançon moelleux/liquoreux for at least ____ passes and finished wines must contain at least ______ g/ l

A

two passes; 35 g/ l (3.5%) residual sugar

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24
Q

Jurançon sec finished wines cannot contain more than ______ g/ l

A

4 g/ l (0.4%) residual sugar

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25
Q

What are the only two grapes that are allowed for Vendage Tardive or Late Harvest Jurançon (moelleux/liquoreux)?

A

100% Petit Manseng and/or Gros Manseng

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26
Q

Harvest for VT or Late Harvest Jurançon cannot begin until at least _____ weeks after the first day of the AOC Jurançon harvest and the grapes must be _____ % sugar when picked.

A

five weeks; 27.2% sugar

In additon, wine must be held for 18 months before being submitted to a tasting panel that will confer AOC status

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27
Q

What is the southern-most AOC of southwest France and also the only AOC from the Basque country? (What styles are authorized?)

A

Iroulégy AOC (red, white, rosé)

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28
Q

True or False: Autumns in Iroulégy are mild and extended thanks to warm southern breezes

A

True: vineyards here are found on terraced slopes sheltered from the north winds allowing grapes to both ripen and mature

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29
Q

In Iroulégy, reds and rosés must contain at least 50% _____ and _____ (together); Tannat can complete the blend.

A

Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc

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30
Q

Is de-stemming reds required in Iroulégy AOC? (What is min. % abv)

A

Yes- de-stemming is mandatory; min. 10% abv

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31
Q

Name the three white grapes used in Iroulégy AOC? What is min. % abv and max yields?

A

Petit Manseng, Gros Manseng, Courbu

Min. 10.5% abv and max yield 3.3 tons/acre (55hl/ ha)

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32
Q

Name the three distinct soil types of Iroulégy?

A

sandstone
limestone
clay

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33
Q

Pacherenc du Vic - Bilh and what AOC both cover the exact same geographical area, but PdV-B is for whites and the latter is solely for red.

A

Madiran AOC (not only a wine growing area, but also a village…. just like Vic Bilh)

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34
Q

Madrian AOC’s growing area is equidistant between the Atlantic and the Pyrenees mountains. Which two AOC’s are adjacent?

A

Tursan AOC (NW of Madiran)

Saint-Mont AOC (N & NE of Madiran)

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35
Q

Describe the “Foehn effect”:

A

Autumns are mild and extended thanks to warm southern breezes. The Landscape is divided between forest and vineyard. Climate is influenced by both Atlantic and Pyrenees to provide a temperate growing season with amply sunshine

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36
Q

True of False: Pacherenc du Vic Bilh Sec (dry white) must contain at least 60% Courbu, Petit Courbu, Petit Manseng and/or Gros Manseng

A

True (but separately, neither can represent more than 80% of the blend)

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37
Q

Name the rest of the balance of grapes that Pacherenc du Vic Bilh Sec can have besides the main four

A

Arrufiac, Sémillon, and/or up to 10% Sauvignon

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38
Q

True of False: Pacherenc du Vic Bilh (moelleux and liquoreux) follows the same blending formula as the sec version and the max yield is 2.4 tons/ acre (40 hl/ ha)

A

True - max yield for PdVB sec in comparison is 3.6 tons/ acres (60 hl/ ha)

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39
Q

What is difference between PdVB (sec) vs. PdVB (M/L) in regards to min. abv and Residual sugar?

A

PdVB sec= 11% min. abv; < 3 g/ L (0.3%)

PdVB m/l= 12% min. abv; min. 35 g/L (3.5%)

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40
Q

Madiran wines must contain > 70% of what grape? ( What three grapes may complete the blend?)

A

Tannat (Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Fer Servadou) - but many producers usually bottle 100% Tannat

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41
Q

What is a local synonym for Cabernet Franc? (Fer Servadou?)

A

CF = “Bouchy”
FS = “Pinenc”

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42
Q

Explain “Micro-oxygenation”

A

Minute amounts of oxygen are slowly bubbled through the vat of wine. This causes tannin molecules to bond with other tannin molecules and lose aggressive edge on the palate.

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43
Q

Who invented “Micro-oxygenation” and why?

A

Patrick Ducournau (1991) - technique became popular as it mimics the time-consuming barrel-aging step preciously required to soften the wines of this region.

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44
Q

When was AOC/AOP Languedoc created?

A

2007 (Coteaux du Languedoc red, rosé was first created in 1982 and white (2005) which led to Languedoc AOP)

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45
Q

What red & rosé AOC was created in 1982 and is sandwiched between Minervois and Faugères? (When was white authorized?)

A

Saint Chinian AOC (whites authorized in 2005)

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46
Q

For AOP Languedoc what is the %’s for red, rosé, white respectively?

A

Reds- 79%
Rosé- 21%
White- 8%

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47
Q

Name some red grapes authorized for AOP Languedoc

A

Grenache Noir, Lladoner Pelut, Syrah, Mourvèdre (min. 50%), Cinsault, Carignan (max. 40%)

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48
Q

Name some white grapes authorized for AOP Languedoc

A

Bourboulenc, Grenache Blanc, Rousanne, Marsanne, Rolle, Clairette, Picpoul

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49
Q

True or False: Languedoc represents a more extensive zone of production than the AOC Coteaux du Languedoc (which only covered terroirs in the central and northern Languedoc)

A

True (rather confusingly, the two names will continue to co-exist until AOC Coteaux du Languedoc disappears in 2017.)

50
Q

True or False: Grenache (and its cousin Lladoner Pelut) along with Syrah and Mourvèdre are the main varieties used for reds and roses of AOC Languedoc

A

True (Secondary varieties: Carignan & Cinsault)

51
Q

What are the main white varieties used for AOC Languedoc? (Secondary whites?)

A

Bourboulenc, Grenache Blanc, Roussanne, Marsanne, Rolle, Clairette, Picpoul (Maccabeu and Viognier for whites)

52
Q

Name the districts that can be added to the prefix AOC Languedoc

A

Sommières, Pic St Loup, St. Christol, Grés de Montpellier, St Georges d’Orques, St Drézery, La Méjanelle, *Montpeyroux, St Saturnin ( independent AOC located within Terrasses du Larzac) Cabrières, Pézenas, Quatourze

53
Q

Name the two oldest still wine AOC’s in the Languedoc (what year were both established and what styles do they produce?)

A

Clairette du Languedoc AOC (still white) and Fitou AOC (still red) were both established in 1948.

54
Q

Where is Faugères-cru AOC located? What %’s Red, Rosé, White?

A

Within the foothills of the Cévennes Mountains; 12 miles/20 km north of Béziers
(Red-85%, Rosé-13%, White-2%)

55
Q

In Faugères-cru AOC, vineyard parcels are tucked in between woodland, garrigue, escarpments and hills all planted on what type of soil?

A

Grey-white schist

56
Q

In what year was Faugères-cru red/rosé established? (Whites?)

A

1982; (2005)

57
Q

Name the AOC established in 2013 that has vines descend down to the Etang de Thau (Lake of Thau), the only barrier between the vines and the sea. (Soil type?)

A

Picpoul de Pinet AOC (Limestone w/ some quartz and schist in the north)

58
Q

True of False: Climate in Picpoul de Pinet AOC is influenced by sea breezes which moderate temps and Co-ops make up 80% of production while harvesting is done by machine at night.

A

True

59
Q

Name the five red grapes authorized by Faugéres AOC

A

Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre, Cinsault, Carignan

60
Q

Name the seven permitted white grapes for Faugéres AOC

A

Bourboulenc, Grenache Blanc, Rousanne, Marsanne, Vermentino, Clairette, Viognier

61
Q

The Faugéres-cru is one of six crus in Languedoc- name the other five

A

Corbieres-Boutenac
Saint Chinian Berlou
Saint Chinian Roquebrun
Minervois la Livinidre
La Clape

62
Q

Name the red grapes they use for Saint Chinian AOC

A

Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre, Lladoner Pelut (min 70%) Carignan, Cinsault

63
Q

Name the white grapes they use for Saint Chinian AOC

A

Grenache Blanc, Marsanne, Roussanne, Vermentino (90%), balance from Carignan Blanc, Clairette, Viognier, Maccabeu, Bourboulenc

64
Q

True or False: Saint Chinian soil’s can be split into two with schist in the south and clay/limestone in the north

A

False (switch it around)

65
Q

There are two Languedoc cru appellations in Saint-Chinian: which one is the east? West?

A

East - Roquebrun
West- Berlou

(both of these crus are at northern tip of the zone)

66
Q

When was Terrasses du Larzac AOC established and what is the style and grapes authorized?

A

est. 2014 ; Syrah, Grenache, Mourvèdre (min. 60%); Carignan & Cinsault (max. 30%)

67
Q

True or False: Terrasses du Larzac is similar to Pic St Loup in that it possesses a more meditteranean climate.

A

False- Continental climate (coupled with a higher level of average rainfall (32in/ 800mm)

68
Q

True or False: Vineyards of Terrasses du Larzac have some of the highest diurnal temperature differences in Languedoc.

A

True- vineyards at foot of Larzac plateau experience 45 F (25 C) temperature difference between night and day during summer.

69
Q

Describe the soil type of Terrasses du Larzac

A

clay, stone, iron-rich reddish clay (Ruffe) and limestone from the Causse du Larzac or Larzac Plateau

70
Q

Name the AOC that is situated north of the Canal du Midi between Carcassonne (to the west) and Narbonne (to the east). What are the soils like?

A

Minervois AOC; clay, limestone, some sandstone, marble and schist

71
Q

What are Minervois AOC styles?

A

Red (94%)
White (2%)
Rosé (4%)

72
Q

Name all the reds used for Minervois AOC?

A

Syrah, Grenache, Mourvèdre (min. 60%);

Carignan, Cinsault, Terret, Aspiran, Piquepoul (min. 40%)

73
Q

Name all the whites used for Minervois AOC

A

Marsanne, Roussanne, Maccabeu, Bourboulenc, Clairette, Grenache Blanc, Vermentino Muscat à Petits Grains

74
Q

What AOC lies in the northern portion of the Minervois in the foothills of Montagne Noire?

A

Minervois La Livinière
(one of six crus of Languedoc)

75
Q

What AOC is the biggest, non-regional appellation in Languedoc and the fourth largest in France? (When was it established and what are soils like?)

A

Corbières AOC (1985) - takes its name from the jagged, limestone hills that dominate the region (w/ some schist, red clays, galets, and marl)

76
Q

Name the Languedon cru AOC that lies within the protective flanks of the Alaric mountains to the NW and the Massif de Fontfroide to the east

A

Corbières Boutenac

77
Q

What are the red grapes of Corbières Boutenac? What are max % for grapes?

A

Carignan (max 50%) followed by Grenache, Mourvèdre, Syrah, Lladoner Pelut, Cinsault max. 20% for red, max. 70% for rosé

78
Q

What are the white grapes of Corbières Boutenac?

A

Grenache blanc, Bourboulenc followed by (Marsanne, Rousanne, Vermentino, Clairette, Terret, Muscat (max 10%)

79
Q

What AOC in Languedoc is only AOC where there is an equal split between Mediterranean and Atlantic varieties? (When was AOC in established?)

A

Cabardès AOC (est. 1999)

80
Q

How does the wind play a role in Cabardès AOC?

A

The wind’s noticeable- cooler Atlantic breezes meet the more temperate and humid winds of the Mediterranean. They blow alternately in an evenly divided struggle with neither triumphing over the other.

81
Q

What is the soil type for Cabardès AOC?

A

Limestone (with granite & gneiss on higher slopes)

82
Q

What are the styles for Carbardès AOC?

A

Red (90%) and Rosé (10%)

83
Q

What are the grapes allowed for Carbardès AOC?

A

Merlot, Cab Sauvignon, Cab Franc (min. 40%)
Syrah Grenache (min. 40%)
Côt (Malbec), Fer Servadou, Cinsault (max 20%

84
Q

What AOC is most westerly appellation of Languedoc and is flatter and more open than the other Atlantic-influenced appellations of Carbardès and Limoux, but is subject to the same cool westerly breezes

A

Malepère AOC

85
Q

What AOC is the southernmost of the “Atlantic corridor” appellations and encompasses five different AOC’s: two for still & three for sparkling.

A

Limoux AOC

86
Q

What are the red grapes used in Limoux AOC

A

Merlot, Côte, Cab Sauvignon, Cab Franc, Grenache, Syrah, Carignan

87
Q

True or False: Muzak, Chenin Blanc, Chardonnay are authorized for Limoux AOC still whites and sparkling

A

True

88
Q

What grape is permitted for Crémant de Limoux sparkling but not for AOC Limoux red?

A

Pinot Noir

89
Q

What is the oldest sparkling wine in the world? (grape varieties allowed?)

A

Blanquette de Limoux (min. 90% Muzac , up to 10% Chenin Blanc & Chardonnay)

90
Q

How long are wines aged in Blanquette de Limoux and what is dosage? (What year was AOC established?

A

Nine months sur lie

Dosage (brut or Demi-sec)

(est. 1938)

91
Q

This AOC uses: Chardonnay (min. 40%), Chenin Blanc (20-40%) with a max 90% of both. Muzak and/or Pinot Noir are allowed to complete the blend. (What year was it established?)

A

Crémant de Limoux AOC (est. 1990)

92
Q

True or false: Most Crémant de Limoux AOC blends, in practice, have a high proportion of Chardonnay (60% is common), Chenin Blanc (30%) with the balance in Muzak. Pinot Noir is new - and only recently has been used for the blends.

A

True

93
Q

A rosé style has been permitted since 2006 and is achieved by blending a max of 10% of what grape?

A

Pinot Noir (to the assemblage)

94
Q

What grape is used for Blanquette Mèthode Ancestral?

A

100% Muzac

95
Q

Name the two ways that Blanquette Mèthode Ancestral can be made

A

1) Partially fermented must chilled in Dec. & bottled in March under waning moon. Result is lightly sparkling wine which is slightly cloudy due to yeast still in bottle.

2) Modern approach- chill partially fermented must and then bottle with addition of yeast and disgorge after 2-3 months aging period.

96
Q

R.S for Blanquette Mèthode Ancestral should lie _________% with min. ______ months before release.

A

6-8%; with min. 2 months before release

97
Q

This AOC for still whites represent some of the best Chardonnay produced in Languedoc.

A

Limoux AOC, white still (est. 1993)
production is small, but overall quality level is high

98
Q

Name the grapes used for Limoux still whites

A

Mauzac (min. 15%)
Chardonnay
Chenin Blanc

99
Q

Name a few regulations for Limoux AOC (Still whites)

A

Hand-harvested, Barrel fermentation, aging in barrel until at least May following the vintage (min. 7 months)

100
Q

Name the grapes used for Limoux AOC still reds

A

Merlot (min. 50%)
Côt/ Grenache/ Syrah (min. 30%)
Carignan (max 10%)
Cabernet Sauvignon & Cabernet Franc (up to 20%)

101
Q

Name a few regulations for Limoux AOC

A

a blend of at least three varieties with the %’s of each quite rigorously defined, machine or hand-harvesting, age in tank or barrel min. 7 months

102
Q

True of False: Limoux AOC red wines tend to be tight and lean

A

True

103
Q

What AOC was established in 1948 and one of the oldest appellations in Languedoc? (Geographically, it’s an enclave of the Corbières)

A

Fitou AOC

104
Q

Name the two sub-zones of Fitou AOC (where are they in Fitou?)

A
  • Fitou Maritime (close to the coast)
  • Haut Fitou (18 miles/30km further inland, midst the mountains)
105
Q

What is the Massif de la Clape? (What AOC’s landscape is dominated by this?)

A

a limestone outcrop sandwiched between the city of Narbonne and the sea (La Clape cru)

106
Q

La Clape Cru was established in _______ and in the last ten years has gained a reputation as high quality in Languedoc. (What are its soils?)

A

2015 (Limestone with sandstone and red iron-rich soils)
* Also one of the hottest and driest parts of France as vines constantly get battered by winds and the soil is nothing but stones.

107
Q

What are the wine styles for La Clape-Cru AOC?

A

Reds (90%); Whites (10%)

108
Q

Red grapes authorized for La Clape-Cru AOC?

A

-Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre (min. 70%)
-Carignan, Cinsault

109
Q

White grapes authorized for La Clape-Cru AOC?

A

-Bourboulenc (min. 40%)
- Claierette, Grenache Blanc, Marsanne, Rousanne, Picpoul, Rolle plus Carignan Blanc, Maccabeu, Terret, and Ugni Blanc

110
Q

What is the name of the single variety that all Languedoc VDN’s are made from?

A

Muscat à Petits Grains Blanc

111
Q

Name all four Languedoc AOC VDN Muscats

A

Muscat de Lunel, Muscat de Mireval, Muscat de Frontignan, Muscat de Saint Jean de Minervois

112
Q

True or False: Fermenting must is fortified w/ a neutral grape spirit to finish the wine with 15% alcohol and a min. 11% R.S for three Languedoc AOC VDN Muscats.

A

True (Lunel, Mireval, Frontignan)

113
Q

What is the one Languedoc AOC VDN that is an exception and is the sweetest? (R.S?)

A

Muscat de Saint Jean de Minervois AOC (12.5% R.S)

114
Q

What is mutage? (Is it made oxidative or reductive?)

A

The process of arresting a fermenting must through the addition of grape spirit (reductive)

115
Q

Is irrigation and/or machine-harvest permitted for AOC VDN?

A

No irrigation and hand-harvest only

116
Q

True of False: IGP’s enact strict regulations on all grape-growing, winemaking, and bottling methods, yet this provides significant more freedom to winemakers than is found within AOC regulations.

A

True; they have more freedom and can harvest higher yields, use oak chips, plus vintage and name of grape can go on label.

117
Q

What is France’s single most important IGP? (how

A

IGP Pays d’Oc (accounts for 67% of all French IGP production)

118
Q

Other than IGP Pays d’Oc, what are the other five IGP regional designations for France?

A

1) IGP Val de Loire
2) IGP Atlantique
3) IGP Méditerranée
4) IGP Comté Tolosan
5) IGP Comtés du Rhodaniens

119
Q

What is the name of the IG where “production is little controlled” in France?

A

Vins Sans IG (labeled “Vin de France”; wines without a geographic indication)

120
Q

True or False: Northern France is #1 producer of Vins Sans IG.

A

False: Southern France is #1 of Vins Sans IG

Wine flash cards (25 decks)

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