own knowledge - evolving human Flashcards
urban core vs rural population density
urban - 200 people per km squared
rural - 1-100
urban core vs rural age structure
urban - young adults + single people
rural - older people + families
urban core vs rural economic activities
urban - retailing / large shops / offices and corporate headquarters / many jobs
rural - farming fishing forestry mining / work from home IT / tourism
urban core vs rural settlements
urban -cities metropolis / low and high rise buildings / expensive property
rural - market towns villages isolated farms / low rise buildings / cheaper property
how were reducing regional differences
government and European union offering assistance in areas of north Wales Cornwall
EUs regional development fund - supports UK regions by economic regeneration, improved communications and safeguard jobs eg. Cornwall
retirement migration
- south west England eg Cornwall attract retirement migrants
- scenery + Lowe crime rates + sense of community
- adds larger number of old people = increase pressure on health services = increase house prices = young adults move away because house prices too high = population structure shows shortage of young people
- old people = increase demand for services = eg. specialist shops / chiropodists = create local jobs
rural to urban migration
central and north Wales = farming difficult because of steep slopes, high mountains and thin soils = young people find work in cities
international migration
- in 1950’s = UK gov encouraged immigration from former colonies in India + Pakistan to respond to shortage of workers to fill jobs in transport and industries such as textiles and steel
- by 1971 = 1 million people moved to UK including 250,000 from India
- 1970’s - immigration slowed down = no longer shortage of workers
- 2004 = immigrants came from Eastern Europe eg. Poland and Estonia due to the period of economic growth and enlargement of the EU
- 2012-15 = refugees from syria + Afghanistan
north - east England
- used to be dominated by heavy industry = especially coal mining + steel production
- in last 50 years - these industries have declined because of foreign competition / high land and labor cost compared to emerging countries
- last mine closed in 1994
- between 2007-13 = unemployment rose faster then any other uk region to 8%
- between 2011-12 = child poverty in new castle central rose to 38%
- nissan factory started in 1986 = employs 4000 people =. effected by Brexit = encounter problems with exporting
- small growth of tertiary activities = accounts for 22% of all employment
examples of enterprise zones
24 in UK - offer companies help with start up costs reduced taxes on profits and faster broadband access
rural Cornwall
- tourism - 14.9% of employment
- main economic activity in Cornwall = faming fishing forestry mining working from home IT tourism
- transport = no motorways / some public transport but not economically profitable due to low ampunt of users
South Wales
experiences decline - deindustrilaisation
why is south east England so attractive
transport = surrounded by M25 and railways / 4 major airports - Luton and Gatwick and Heathrow and stansted / ports in Southhampton
market and labor - skilled local labor force - Oxford + Russel group unis
geographical - close to the channel tunnel = giving access to Europe
impact of globalisation
need for workers to re-skill after jobs in agriculture and mining and manufacturing have declines and been replaced with jobs in the tertiary and quaternary sectors - workforce becoming more flexible - part time - work at home
impact of privatisation
- increased FDI from businesses wanting to invest in UK
- increased completion and awareness of global markets
- increased foreign ownership of UK firms
- benefited TNCs = tncs able to invest in utilities `= electricity generation
