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brain and behaviour > overview of the nervous system > Flashcards

overview of the nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • gather sensory info from the internal/external environment
  • Integrate info for assessment to then produce a response
  • Regulate body homeostasis
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2
Q

what are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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3
Q

what makes up the CNS?

A

brain (brain, cerebral cortex and brainstem) and spinal cord

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4
Q

what is the spinal cord an extension of?

A

the brainstem

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5
Q

what does the PNS do?

A

transmits information to and from the CNS

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6
Q

what is the PNS divided into?

A

autonomic

somatic

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7
Q

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

regulates glands, blood vessels and internal organs

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8
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

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9
Q

what is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

controls skeletal muscle

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10
Q

what are the functional components of the nervous system?

A

afferent neurons
interneurons
efferent neurons

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11
Q

what do afferent neurons do?

A

take information from the PNS to the CNS

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12
Q

where are the afferent neuron cell bodies found?

A

just outside the spinal cord as dorsal root ganglia

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13
Q

what is the function of interneurons?

A

relays information to the brain or effector organ

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14
Q

where are interneurons found?

A

in the CNS

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15
Q

what is the function of efferent neurons?

A

takes response from CNS to PNS (effector organs – skeletal muscles or glands)

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16
Q

what is the function of dendrites?

A

collect information

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17
Q

what is the function of the cell body of a neuron?

A

synthetic centre

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18
Q

what is the function of the axon of a neuron?

A

conducts action potential from cell body to other neurons/effector organs

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19
Q

how many axons are there per neuron?

A

one

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20
Q

what are the 6 categories of neurons?

A

Sensory, motor, preganglionic autonomic, postganglionic autonomic, local interneurons, projections neurons

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21
Q

where are glial cells found?

A

CNS and PNS

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22
Q

what is the ratio of glial cells to neurons?

A

10:1

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23
Q

what glial cells are found in the PNS?

A

satellite cells

schwann cells

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24
Q

what is the function of satellite cells

A

support cell bodies, regulate environment around the dorsal root ganglia

Take up excess K+, water and neurotransmitters to regulate the ion and water balance and prevent damage from excess NTS

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25
Q

what do schwann cells do?

A
  • secretes neurotrophic factors
  • Forms myelin sheaths of the axons of the PNS
  • Protects AP so it doesn’t dissipate
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26
Q

what are the glial cells of the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes
microglia
astrocytes
ependymal cells

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27
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

forms myelin sheaths in the CNS

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28
Q

what is the function of microglia?

A

immune cells of the brain

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29
Q

how do microglia work?

A

Become activated when there’s an infection  act as a macrophage. Phagocytose bacteria that enter through the BBB or dead/dying neurons.

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30
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

regulate the environment in the CNS

  • Provide substrates for ATP
  • Help form BBB -
  • Secrete neurotrophic factors
  • Take up K+, water and NTS
  • Source of neural stem cells
31
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells?

A

create barriers between compartments. Line the ventricular system. Help move the CSF around the ventricular system.

32
Q

how do gliomas form?

A

uncontrolled mitosis of glial cells which lead to brain tumours

33
Q

name the types of gliomas

A

Schwannoma, astrocytoma, ependymoma and oligodendroglioma

34
Q

what is an astrocyte scar?

A

when neurons cant be replaced in brain damage, so astrocytes fill in the gap, forming an astrocyte scar

35
Q

how does an astrocyte scar lead to epilepsy?

A

Forms barriers between neurons –> malfunction –> epilepsy

36
Q

which protein is linked to alzheimer’s disease?

A

tau

37
Q

what is multiple sclerosis and what effect does it have on the body?

A

Autoantibodies attack oligodendrocytes and damage them so there’s no myelin around certain neurons –> loss of neuronal signal

38
Q

what does dorsal mean?

A

posterior

39
Q

what does ventral mean?

A

anterior

40
Q

what does the corpus collosum do?

A

connects both cerebral hemispheres

41
Q

what is grey matter?

A

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminal, synapses

42
Q

what is white matter?

A

bundles of myelinated axons

43
Q

what is the function of reticular formation?

A

habituation

acts as a filter of what’s important to respond to and what isn’t

44
Q

which part of the brain is involved in higher function?

A

forebrain

45
Q

which part of the brain is more primitive?

A

hindbrain and midbrain

46
Q

what is another name for the forebrain?

A

telencephalon

47
Q

what is the insula?

A

meeting point of the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes where they all fold over each other. At the lateral fissure

48
Q

what does the insula control?

A

emotions

49
Q

how many chambers are found in the adult ventricular system

A

4

50
Q

where is the CSF made?

A

lateral ventricles - one in each cerebral hemisphere

51
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

problem solving, reasoning, emotion and voluntary motor activity

52
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

sensation

53
Q

what does the central sulcus separate?

A

frontal and parietal loves

54
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

memory and hearing

55
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

vision

56
Q

how many brodmann areas are there?

A

52

57
Q

what is the primary motor cortex?

A

frontal lobe

58
Q

what is the primary sensory cortex?

A

parietal lobe

59
Q

what is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Comprehension / understanding of written and spoken language

60
Q

which Brodmann’s area is Wernicke’s area?

A

22

61
Q

what is the function of Broca’s area?

A

language production

62
Q

which Brodmann’s area is Wernicke’s area?

A

44-45

63
Q

what does the left cerebral hemisphere control?

A

the right side of the body

logic, analysis of facts, understanding of production of language

64
Q

what does the right cerebral hemisphere control?

A

left side of the body

Imagination, rhythm, holistic thinking, non-verbal language, emotion in language

65
Q

what is the function of the anterior commissure?

A

connects the temporal lobes

66
Q

what is the function of the internal capsule

A

Route through which information travels to and from cerebral cortex to subcortical sites

67
Q

where is the thalamus found?

A

either side of the 3rd ventricle - forms wall of 3rd ventricle

68
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

receives input from all areas of the nervous system - gateway to the cortex

69
Q

what is the limbic system also known as?

A

the 5th lobe of the brain

70
Q

a person who is afraid shows increased activity in their?

A

amygdala

71
Q

where do most cranial nerves originate from? which do not originate from here?

A

brainstem

except 1 and 2

72
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

73
Q

how many cranial nerves have motor and/or sensory nuclei in the brainstem?

A

10

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