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brain and behaviour > neural control of movement > Flashcards

neural control of movement Flashcards

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1
Q

name the 4 structures that control movement

A

lower motoneurons
upper motoneurons
cerebellum
basal ganglia

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2
Q

what do LMNs do?

A

produce muscle contractions via motor units

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3
Q

what is the general function of UMNs?

A

produce voluntary movements

give commands to the LMNs which are effectors

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4
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum in movement?

A

coordinate muscle movement - esp complicated multi-joint movements

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5
Q

what is the function of basal ganglia?

A

contain motor programs for the initiation and maintenance of movements

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6
Q

what are the 4 anatomical points where lower motor neuron weakness can occur?

A

origin of the signal in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
where axons go through the ventral horn then join a nerve lower down
neuromuscular junction
muscle

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7
Q

what is a clinical feature of lower motoneuron damage?

A

muscle wasting esp in bulbar muscles in the tongue and the upper and lower limb

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8
Q

which neurons never innervate muscles?

A

upper motoneurons

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9
Q

where are UMN cell bodies found?

A

in the cerebral cortex - mainly the precentral gyrus

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10
Q

what are the 3 functionally distinct motor pathways that upper motoneurons contribute to?

A

CST
rubrospinal tract
vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts

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11
Q

what is the function of the CST?

A

precise movements

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12
Q

what is the function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

large muscle movements and facilitates flexor movements

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13
Q

what is the function of the o vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts?

A

posture & balance, muscle tone, position of head and limbs

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14
Q

what does the corticobulbospinal tract supply?

A

the musculature of the head and neck

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15
Q

what does voluntary movement require?

A

knowledge of where the body is in space
where it intends to go
selection of a plan and how to get there

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16
Q

what are the functions of UMNs?

A 
•	Excitation of muscles 
•	Inhibition of muscles 
•	Reflex modulation (e.g. Jendrassic)
•	Efference copy (important for smooth movements)
activation of other brainstem UMNs
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17
Q

what is an efference copy?

A

an internal copy of a movement signal

used to reduce cognitive load by decreasing sensory processing of incoming sensory info

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18
Q

what regions of the cortex are involved in motor control?

A

ore frontal cortex
frontal eye fields
pre motor cortex and supplementary cortex
primary motor cortex

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19
Q

how does the anatomical position of the cortical region relate to its role?

A

the more anatomically anterior the cortical region, the more complex/abstract the role in movement

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20
Q

what are the steps needed to carry out a movement and what regions assist in this?

A

decision to move - areas 5 and 7
plans to move are stored until required - association motor cortex - area 6
activation of descending pathways - area 4

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21
Q

what is the result of signal mismatch?

A

uncoordinated movements

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22
Q

what are the 3 main structures of the cerebellum?

A

anterior lobe
tonsils
posterior lobe

23
Q

what are the 3 main cerebellum pathways?

A

vestibulocerebellum
spinocerebellum
cerebrocerebellum

24
Q

what is the function of vestibulocerebellum pathway?

A

balance and posture

eye movements

25
Q

what is the function of spinocerebellum pathway?

A

locomotion

voluntary movements of arms and legs

26
Q

what is the function of cerebrocerebellum pathway?

A

skilled motor tasks, e.g. speech, hand-eye co-ordination and cognitive eye movements

27
Q

what are the basal ganglia?

A

a group of neurons involved in brake theory

28
Q

describe the brake theory

A

if you stay still you must brake all movements (except the reflexes that keep you in the position)

to move, you must break some of these postural reflexes and release the brakes on voluntary movement

29
Q

what are the 5 nuclei of basal ganglia?

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei

30
Q

what do the 5 nuclei of basal ganglia do?

A

o Involved with initiation and maintenance of motor actions – decision making

o Work with motor association cortex to determine
 Strength of the response
 Organise correct sequences of activity

31
Q

what causes tension in muscles?

A

partial state of contraction

32
Q

what does muscle tone depend on?

A

monosynaptic reflexes

33
Q

what is muscle tone maintained by?

A

reflexively

34
Q

what regulates muscle tone?

A

descending motor pathways

35
Q

where is most of the body weight found?

A

anterior to the vertebral column

36
Q

which muscles are important in maintaining postural stance?

A

deep back muscles

37
Q

how is muscle tone constantly finely adjusted?

A

by muscle fibres contracting in relays

38
Q

what does damage to the cerebellum cause?

A

ataxia and hypotonia

39
Q

what is ataxia?

A

group of disorders that affect coordination, balance and speech

40
Q

what is hypotonia?

A

a state of low muscle tone

41
Q

what does damage to the basal ganglia cause?

A

hyper/hypokinesia

42
Q

what is hyperkinesia?

A

exaggerated unwanted movement

43
Q

what is hypokinesia?

A

decreased bodily movement

44
Q

what does damage to the associated motor cortex cause?

A

apraxia

45
Q

what is apraxia

A

difficulty performing movements they already know

46
Q

what does damage to descending pathways cause?

A

spasticity and hypertonia

47
Q

define spasticity

A

an increase in muscle tone due to the loss of inhibition of gamma motoneurons

48
Q

define rigidity

A

increase in muscle tone due to the loss of inhibition of alpha motoneurons

49
Q

what controls the strength of stretch receptors?

A

gamma motoneurons

50
Q

what causes spasticity?

A

Increased excitation/decreased inhibition of gamma MNs increases tension of intrafusal muscle fibres which becomes hypersensitive to muscle stretch

51
Q

what are neuromuscular disorders?

A

conditions affecting muscles, nerves, motor or sensory cell body or the neuromuscular junction – the area where muscle and nerve make connection

52
Q

what is the function of association motor cortex and BG?

A

strategy – planning & selecting programmes to produce desired movements

53
Q

what is the function of primary motor cortex and CB?

A

tactics – sequences of muscle contractions over time to produce smooth accurate movements

54
Q

what is the function of brainstem and spinal cord in movement?

A

execution of voluntary movement and any necessary postural adjustment.

brain and behaviour (24 decks)

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