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Neuroanatomy > Overview of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Overview of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Composed of cells whose function is to receive sensory stimuli, process the stimuli (in the integration center: brain and spinal cord) and transmit them to effector organs (muscular or glandular)

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

It functions to maintain homeostasis.

A

Nervous System

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3
Q

Summary of Nervous System function

A

Sensory input -> Integration in the brain or spinal cord ->

Output to effector organs

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4
Q

2 types of nerve cells

A

Neuron and neuroglia

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5
Q

Name given to nerve cells and all its processes

A

Neurons

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6
Q

Function of neurons

A

reception of stimuli and conduction of nerve impulses

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7
Q

T or F: Neurons do not undergo division and replication.

A

T

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8
Q

Parts of neuron

A

Cell body

Neurites/Nerve processes/Nerve fibers

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9
Q

Part of neuron: consists of nucleus and organelles

A

Cell body (Soma/Perikaryon)

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10
Q

afferent (entry point), shorter, receives stimuli from the environment

A

Dendrite

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11
Q

2 Neurites

A

Dendrite and Axon

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12
Q

efferent (exit point), longer, provides stimulation to other nerves or effector organs

A

Axon

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13
Q

Gap between the myelin sheaths of the axon

A

Node of Ranvier

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14
Q

Insulating coat made up of phospholipids, speeds up transmission of signals through saltatory transmission

A

Myelin sheath

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15
Q

Color of neuron:

  1. Myelinated
  2. Unmyelinated
A
  1. White

2. Gray

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16
Q

The propagation of action potential along myelinated axons (by leaping) from one node of Ranvier to another.

A

Saltatory transmission

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17
Q

Problem with myelin sheath (de-myelination), longer transmission of impulses

A

Multiple sclerosis

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18
Q

Space/cleft in between the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another neuron; Connects one neuron from another

A

Synapse

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19
Q

Neurons according to function

A

Motor
Sensory
Interneuron

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20
Q

Neuron:

Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs

A

Motor

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21
Q

Neuron:

Receives input from peripheral structures (skin, muscles, joints, sense organs) and transmit it to the CNS

A

Sensory

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22
Q

Neuron:

Connects sensory to motor neurons

A

Interneuron

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23
Q

T or F: 95% of the neurons in CNS are interneurons

A

F. 90% only

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24
Q

Neurons accrdg to branching of neurites

A

Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

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25
Q

Neuron:

A single process/neurite arises from the cell body, which branches into 2 axons/dendrites.

A

Unipolar

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26
Q

Neuron:

2 neurites arise from each end of an elongated cell body (1 dendrite, 1 axon)

A

Bipolar

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27
Q

Neuron:

Most common type in the CNS; With a number of neurites arising from the cell body (many short dendrites, 1 long axon)

A

Multipolar

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28
Q

Location of unipolar

A

Spinal and Cranial Ganglia

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29
Q

Location of bipolar

A

Sensory cochlear
vestibular ganglia
Retinal bipolar cells

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30
Q

Location of multipolar

A

Fiber tracts of brain
spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
motor cells of spinal cord

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31
Q

Neurons accrdg to size

A

Golgi Type I and Type II

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32
Q

Neuron:

Form the long fiber that extends from the cortex of the brain to spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

A

Golgi Type I

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33
Q

Location of Golgi Type I

A

Pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex
Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex
Motor cells of the spinal cord

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34
Q

Neuron:

Short axons and short dendrites; star shaped due to dendrite spread

A

Golgi Type II

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35
Q

Location of Golgi Type II

A

cerebral and cerebellar cortices

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36
Q

Neuron:
Often inhibitory in function; Functions as interneurons, only interconnect (one part of hemisphere to another part of the same hemisphere)

A

Golgi Type II

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37
Q

Non excitable cells, do not transmit signals; Supporting neurons

A

Neuroglia

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38
Q

Types of Neuroglia

A

Astrocytes
Myelin sheath-producing cells
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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39
Q

Neuroglia:
Star-shaped due to dendrite spread; branching processes serve
as the framework for the nerve cells and fibers

A

Astrocytes

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40
Q

Neuroglia:

Play an important role in the structure of the blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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41
Q

Neuroglia:
In the embryo, serve as scaffolding for the migration of immature
neurons

A

AStrocytes

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42
Q

Neuroglia:
Take up excess K+ (electrolyte balance) from the extracellular
space and stores glycogen within the cytoplasm

A

Astrocytes

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43
Q

2 types of astrocytes

A

Fibrous and protoplasmic

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44
Q

Astrocyte:
Provide supporting framework, electrical
insulators, limit spread of neurotransmitters, take up K+ ions

A

Fibrous astrocyte

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45
Q

Astrocyte:
mainly white matter; Small cell bodies, long slender processes,
smooth, not much branched

A

Fibrous astrocyte

46
Q

Astrocyte:
store glycogen, with phagocytic function, take
place of dead neurons, conduit for metabolites or raw
materials, produce trophic substances

A

Protoplasmic astrocyte

47
Q

Astrocyte:
mainly gray matter; small cell bodies, short thick processes, more
branched

A

Protoplasmic astrocyte

48
Q

2 myelin sheath-producing cells

A

Oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

49
Q

Form several intermodal segments of myelin on

the same or different axon in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

50
Q

Myelin sheath producing cells in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

51
Q

Neuroglia:
Proliferate in disease and are actively phagocytic (eats
toxins, debris, dirt in CNS); In inflammatory and degenerative
lesions of the CNS, they migrate to the site of lesion
; Can be generated from WBC

A

Microglia

52
Q

Neuroglia:
Scattered throughout CNS
; Smallest of the neuroglial cells, wavy branches with
spines

A

Microglia

53
Q

Neuroglia:

Assist in circulation of the CSF by the movement of the cilia; ensure proper CSF circulation

A

Ependymal cells

54
Q

Neuroglia:
Line the ventricles and the central canal of spinal cord
; Single layer of cuboidal/columnar cells with microvilli and cilia

A

Ependymal cells

55
Q

3 types of ependyma

A

Ependymocytes
Tanycytes
Choroidal Epithelial Cells

56
Q

Location: line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

Structure: Cuboidal or Columnar in shape with villi and microvilli, gap junctions

Function: Circulsae CSF, absorb CSF

A

Ependymocytes

57
Q

Location: line the floor of the third ventricle overlying the
median eminence of hypothalamus

Structure: has long basal processes

Function: transport substances to CSF to hypophysealportal system

A

Tanycytes

58
Q

Location: cover the surfaces of choroid plexuses

Structure: sides and bases thrown into folds, tight junctions

Function: produce and secrete CSF

A

Choroidal epithelial cells

59
Q

Consists of brain and spinal cord; protected by skull and vertebral column respectively.

A

CNS

60
Q

composed of soma (cell body of neurons)

A

Gray matter

61
Q

composed of myelinated neurites, processes of soma, white due to presence of lipid material in myelin sheath.

A

White matter

62
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

63
Q

Lies in the cranial cavity and continuous with Spinal cord through Foramen Magnum

A

Brain

64
Q

3 Major divisions of brain

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

65
Q

Meninges:

  1. outermost; dense, strong, fibrous
  2. space which contains the CSF; resembles a spider web
  3. innermost; thin, delicate vascular membrane
A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

66
Q

2 structures in Forebrain

A

Cerebrum and Diencephalon

67
Q

Largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

68
Q

A mass of white matter that connects L and R hemisphere of forebrain

A

Corpus collusum

69
Q

surface layer of the cerebral hemispheres, arranged into convolutions.

A

Cerebral cortex

70
Q

cavity present within each hemisphere; communicates with the 3rd ventricle through the interventricular foramina.

A

Lateral ventricle

71
Q

Folds or convulutions of the cerebrum

A

Gyrus

72
Q

Fissures of the cerebrum

A

Sulcus

73
Q

separates frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

A

CEntral sulcus of Rolando

74
Q

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

A

Horizontal fissure of Sylvius/Lateral Sulcus

75
Q

separates the parietal and occipital lobes

A

Parieto-occipital fissure

76
Q

separates the cerebrum and cerebellum

A

Transverse fissure

77
Q

divides cerebrum into 2 hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

78
Q

Almost completely hidden from the surface of the brain; Consists of thalamus (posterior), hypothalamus (anterior

A

Diencephalon

79
Q

Parts of diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

80
Q

Connects the forebrain to the hind brain

A

Midbrain

81
Q

narrow cavity that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

Cerebral aqueduct

82
Q

part of midbrain posterior to cerebral aqueduct

A

Tectum

83
Q

2 swellings of tectum

A

superior and inferior colliculi

84
Q

Cerebral peduncles parts

A

Crus cerebri
Tegmentum
Substantia Nigra

85
Q

situated in the tegmentum of each side, color red because it is vascular

A

Red nucleus

86
Q

Conical in shape, connects the pons superiorly to the spinal cord inferiorly (in the foramen magnum)

A

Medulla oblongata

87
Q

Midbrain + Pons + Medulla Oblangata = ?

A

Brainstem

88
Q

Parts of hindbrain

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum

89
Q

Parts of medulla oblongata:

  1. posterior to pyramids
  2. posterior to olives
  3. 2 structures found on the posterior surface
A
  1. Olives
  2. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
  3. Nucleus gracili and Nucleus cuneatus
90
Q

“bridge” situated on anterior of cerebellum; connects the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

A

Pons

91
Q

connective tissue from the dura mater which separates the cerebellum and cerebrum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

92
Q

Connections of the Cerebellum:

  1. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
  2. Middle Cerebellar Peduncles
  3. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles
A
  1. midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla oblongata
93
Q

Communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and located within the brain parenchyma

A

Ventricular system

94
Q

Ventricular system:

  1. connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle
  2. connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
A
  1. Interventricular ventricle/Foramen of Monro

2. Aqueduct of Sylvius

95
Q 
Cushions and protects CNS from trauma;
Provides mechanical buoyancy;
Serves as reservoir and assist in regulation of contents;
Nourishment of cells;
Removes Metabolites from CNS
A

CSF

96
Q

CSF is secreted by?

A

Choroid plexus

97
Q

Roughly cylindrical in shape, located within the vertebral canal;
Begins at foramen magnum where it is continuous with the Medulla Oblongata;
Terminates in the lumbar region (L1 for adults, L3 for children)

A

Spinal cord

98
Q

conical distal (inferior) end of the spinal cord

A

Conus medullaris

99
Q

prolongation of pia mater from the spinal cord

A

Filum Terminale

100
Q

collective term for the nerve roots below the spinal cord, resembling a horse tail

A

Cauda equina

101
Q

Consists of cranial and spinal nerves and their associated ganglia; Conducts information to and from CNS

A

PNS

102
Q

No. of pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

103
Q

No. of pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

104
Q

Spinal cord motor function

A

anterior spinal cord

105
Q

spinal cord on sensory function

A

posterior spinal cord

106
Q

Leave the brain and pass through foramina in the skull; Distributed in the head and neck, except cranial nerve X (extends to thorax and abdomen)

A

Cranial nerves

107
Q

Made up of a mixture of motor and sensory fibers; Leave the spinal cord and pass through intervertebral column with which they are associated

A

Spinal nerves

108
Q

T or F. After emerging from the intervertebral foramen, each spinal nerve immediately divides into a large anterior ramus and a smaller posterior ramus, each containing both motor and sensory fibers.

A

T

109
Q

No. of nerves in:

  1. Cervical vertebra
  2. Thoracic vertebra
  3. Lumbar vertebra
  4. Sacral vertebra
  5. Coccygeal vertebra
A
  1. 8
  2. 13
  3. 5
  4. 5
  5. 1
110
Q

They are often irregular in shape and are situated along the course of efferent nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system.

A

Ganglia

111
Q

Fusiform swellings situated on the posterior root of each spinal nerve just proximal to the root’s junction with a corresponding anterior root (posterior root ganglia) and are also found along the course of cranial nerves V, VII, VIII, IX, and X (sensory ganglia of these nerves).

A

Sensory ganglia

112
Q

Enumerate cranial nerves

A 
(I-XII)
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal accessory
Hypoglossal

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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