Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Oral Surgery > Overview of maxillofacial trauma > Flashcards

Overview of maxillofacial trauma Flashcards

1
Q

5 Causes of maxillofacial trauma

A
  1. Road traffic accidents
  2. Assault
  3. Sport and athletic injuries
  4. Industrial accidents
  5. Domestic injuries and falls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Incidence of maxillofacial trauma

A
  1. Mandible (61%)
  2. Maxilla (46%)
  3. Zygoma (27%)
  4. Nasal (19.5%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 Treatment phases of maxillofacial injuries

A
  1. Emergency or initial care
  2. Early care
  3. Definitive care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 peaks of mortality

A

First peak- occurs within seconds of injury as a result of irreversible brain or major vascular damage

Second peak- occurs between a few minutes after injury and about one hour later (golden hour)

Third peak- occurs some days or weeks after injury as a result of multi-organ failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Primary survey

A

Airway maintenance with cervical spine control

Breathing and ventilation

Circulation with hemorrhage control

Disability assessment of neurological status

Exposure and complete examination of the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Airway and c-spine control

A

Includes- Breathing, Ventilation and Cerebral function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sequel of facial injury

A
  1. Obstruction of airway
  2. Asphyxia
  3. Cerebral hypoxia
  4. Brain damage/death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Immediate management of the airway

A
  1. Clearing of blood clots, mucous
    Head position should be upright or on the sides, Remove foreign bodies such as dentures, avulsed teeth
  2. Endotracheal intubation
  3. Tracheostomy
  4. Circothyrotomy
  5. Control of hemorrhage and soft tissue laceration

Cervical spine injury is deadly when it involves the odontoid process of the axis bone of the axis vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Breathing and ventilation

A

Pneumothorax, haemopneumothorax, flail segments, rupture diaphragm, cardiac tamponade

Clinical signs

⚫ Deviated trachea
⚫ Absence of breath sounds
⚫ Dullness to percussion
⚫ Paradoxical movements
⚫ Hyper-resonance with a large pneumothorax
⚫ Muffled heart sounds

Radiological

⚫ Loss of lung marking
⚫ Deviation of trachea
⚫ Raised hemi-diaphragm
⚫ Fluid levels
⚫ Fracture of ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glasgow coma scale Circulation

A

Circulatory collapse leads to low blood pressure,
increasing pulse rate and diminished capillary filling at the periphery
A - Patient resuscitation
Restoration of cardio-respiratory function
B - Shock management
Replacement of lost fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neurological deficient

A

⚫ A Response appropriately, is Aware
⚫ V Response to verbal stimuli
⚫ P Response to painful stimuli
⚫ U Does not responds, Unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Glasgow coma scale

A

The highest possible GCS score is 15, and the lowest is 3. A score of 15 means you’re fully awake, responsive and have no problems with thinking ability or memory. Generally, having a score of 8 or fewer means you’re in a coma. The lower the score, the deeper the coma is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Exposure

A

When the airway is adequately secured the second survey of the whole body is to be carried out for:

  1. Accurate diagnosis
  2. Maintenance of a stable state
  3. Determination of priorities in treatment
  4. Appropriate specialist referral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Secondary survey

A
  1. Head injury
  2. Abdominal injury
  3. Injury to extremities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prevention of infection

A

Investigations :
Laboratory , conventional radiographs ,CT and MRI scan

Management:
1. Dressing of external wounds
2. Closure of open wounds
3. Reposition and immobilization of the fractures
4. Repair of the dura matter
5. Antibacterial prophylaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pain control

A

Displaced fracture may cause severe pain - strong analgesic (e.g Morphine) must be avoided as they depress cough reflex, constrict pupils as they may mask the signs of increasing intracranial pressure

Management:
1. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be prescribed (Diclofenac)

  1. Reduction of fracture
  2. Sedation
17
Q

IN PATIENT CARE

A
  1. Necessary medications
  2. Diet (fluid, semi-fluid and solid food)
  3. Intake and output (fluid balance chart)
  4. Oral hygiene and physiotherapy
  5. Proper timing for surgical intervention
18
Q

Physical examination of trauma patients

A
  1. INSPECTION
    -Hemorrhage
    -Otorrhea
    -Rhinorrhea
    -Contour deformity
    -Ecchymosis
    -Edema
    -Continuity defects
    -Malocclusion
  2. PALPATION
    -“Step” Defect
    -Crepitus
    -Bony segments
    -Subcutaneous emphysema
    -Mobility
  3. Neurological examination
    -Visual or pupilary changes (CN II III IV VI)

-Abnormalities of ocular movements (neurologic, orbital area fractures)

-Motor function of the facial muscle (CN VII)

-Muscles of mastication (CN V)

-Sensation the facial area (CN V)

19
Q

Goals of treatment

A
  1. Rapid bone healing
  2. Return of normal appearance
  3. Masticatory and nasal function
  4. Restoration of speech
  5. Acceptable esthetics
20
Q

BASIC SURGICAL PRINCIPLE

A
  1. Reduction of the fracture
  2. Fixation of the bony segment
  3. Stabilization of the bony segment
  4. Immobilization of segments
  5. Preoperative occlusion must be restored
  6. Infection in the area must be eradicated or prevented

Oral Surgery (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions