Oral surgery instruments Flashcards
Surgical unit
Surgical micro-motor (surgical handpiece) is attached to the surgical unit
Its advantages are as follows:
* It functions at high speeds and has great cutting ability.
* It does not emit air into the surgical field.
* It may be sterilized in the autoclave
* The hand-piece may receive various cutting instruments
**Burs used for the removal of bone are **
* Round bur and fissure bur, acrylic bur may be used when greater bone surface area (torus) is involved or smoothing of bone edges of the wound
Scalpel (Handle and Blade)
Handle - Bard–Parker no.3
Blade - Three different types (no. 11, 12, and 15)
No.15 - flaps and incisions on edentulous alveolar ridges
No. 12 - Incisions in the gingival sulcus and incisions posterior to the teeth especially in the maxillary tuberosity area
NO. 11- Used for small incisions i.e. incising abscesses.
Periosteal Elevator
Moat common is no.9 Molt, which has two different ends
1. A pointed end used for elevating the interdental papillae of the gingiva
2. A broad end, which facilitates elevating the muco-periosteum from the bone
**The Freer elevator **
1. Used for reflecting the gingiva surrounding the tooth before extraction.
2. This instrument is considered suitable, compared to standard elevators, because it is easy to use and has thin anatomic ends
The Seldin elevator
Used for holding the flap after reflecting and facilitating manipulations during the surgical procedure
Hemostats
Can be straight or curved
Most common hemostat is the curved mosquito type or micro-Halsted hemostat, which has relatively small and narrow beaks
Functions
1. To grasp the vessel and stop bleeding
2. Firmly hold soft tissue, facilitating manipulations for its removal
Surgical and Anatomic Forceps
There are two types of forceps:
* The long standard surgical forceps, used in posterior areas
* The small, narrow Adson forceps, used in anterior areas
Function: Suturing the wound and firmly grasping the tissues while the needle is passed
Wedge-shaped projection or tooth on one side, and a receptor on the other allows the forceps to grasp the soft tissues found between the beaks very tightly
Anatomic forceps do not have a wedge-shaped projection, but parallel grooves, they are used to aid in the suturing of the wound, as well as grasping small instruments during the surgical procedure
Rongeur Forceps- Used to remove bone and sharp bone spicules of which the most common is* Luer– Friedmann*, because its blades are both end-cutting and side-cutting
Bone File
Has two ends: one small end and another with a large surface
Mechanism of action: The cutting surface is made up of many small parallel blades, which are set in such away that only pulling is effective.
Function: The bone file is used in oral surgery to smoothen bone and not to remove large pieces of bone
Chisel and Mallet
Their cutting edges are concave, mono beveled or bi-beveled
The bi-bevel chisel is used for sectioning multi-rooted teeth
Needle Holders
Needle holders are used for suturing the wound.
The Mayo–Hegar and Mathieu needle holders are considered suitable for this purpose
The Mayo–Hegar type looks similar to a hemostat and is preferred mainly for intraoral placement of sutures.
The hemostat and needle holder have the following differences
Beaks- The short beaks of the hemostat are thinner and longer compared to those of the needle holder.
On the needle holder, the internal surface of the short beaks is grooved and crosshatched permitting a firm and stable grasp of the needle while the short beaks of the hemostat have parallel grooves which are perpendicular to the long axis of the instrument
Scissors
Types of scissors
- suture scissors AND soft tissue scissors
- Goldman–Fox AND** Lagrange** have slightly upward curved blades
- Metzenbaum are used for soft tissue.
- **Lagrange scissors **are narrow scissors with sharp blades and are mainly used for removing excess gingival tissue
-
Metzenbaum are blunt-nosed scissors and are suitable for dissecting and undermining the mucosa from the underlying soft tissues.
Scissors are held the same way as needle holder
Towel Clamps
Towel clamps are mainly used for:
- Fastening sterile towels and drapes placed on the patient’s head and chest
- Securing the surgical suction tube and the tube connected to the hand piece with the sterile drape covering the patient’s chest
Retractors
Function- Retractors are used to retract the cheeks and mucoperiosteal flap during the surgical procedure.
The most commonly used retractors are:
1. Farabeuf
2. Kocher–Langenbeck
3. Minnesota
Tongue retractors may be used to retract the tongue medially away from the surgical field, facilitating manipulations
Bite Blocks and Mouth Props
The types usually used are:
1. Rubber bite blocks
2. The side action adjustable mouth prop
Surgical Suction and Irrigation Instruments
Suction is used for removing blood, saliva, and saline solution from the surgical field
Electrosurgical Unit
This is an electrical device,providing high-frequency radio waves for cauterization (hemostasis) of the vessels and incision of tissues incising tissues with the help of electricity is called electrosurgery.
The main parts of the electrosurgical unit are:
1.** Active electrode** to which the handpiece is usually connected.
2. Metallic electrosurgical tip for incision or an electrosurgical ball for hemostasis.
3. Loops and needles which may be used according to the needs of the surgical procedure.
4. **Passive electrode/ground plate ** which is a separate electrode connected to the metallic plate, sized 30u20cm.
The metallic plate is placed in direct contact with the naked skin of the patient and is necessary for his or her safety
Footpedal. This usually includes a separate switch for incising tissue and another one for electrocoagulation (hemostasis)
Switches. The main switches are: cauterization switch, voltage switch, switch for incising tissue, and a mixed switch for cauterization and incision.
