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Med 1 Endo > Overview of Endocrine System > Flashcards

Overview of Endocrine System Flashcards

Define and discuss the following terms: Hormone; Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis; Negative Feed back; Primary vs. Secondary Disorders. Outline the feedback mechanisms of common endocrine systems and hormones encountered in primary care.

1
Q

A molecule that functions as a message within an organism. It’s only function is to convey information. Essentially, a “signal.”

A

Hormone

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2
Q

Class of Hormones including Dopamine, Catecholamines, and T3/T4

A

Amino Acid Derivatives

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3
Q

Class of Hormones including GnRH (Gonaotropin-Releasing Hormone), TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone), and ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone, Vasopressin, Arginine Vasopressin).

A

Neuropeptides

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4
Q

What is Endocrinology?

A

Intracellular Chemical Communication (NOT OBJECTIVE)

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5
Q

Functions of Endo?

A
  1. Maintain Internal Homeostasis, 2. Support Cell Growth, 3. Coordinate Development, 4. Coordinate Reproduction, 5. Facilitate Responses to External Stimuli (NOT OBJECTIVE)
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6
Q

Cellular Proteins that bind with high affinity to hormones, causing altered shape and function. Limited number of these.

A

Hormone Receptor (NOT OBJECTIVE)

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7
Q

Two types of Hormone Receptors

A

Membrane and Nuclear (NOT OBJECTIVE)

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8
Q

Proteins that convert the information in hormone signals into chemical signals understood by cellular machinery. This occurs when they interact with the protein-hormone complex

A

Transducers (NOT OBJECTIVE)

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9
Q

Two types of feedback

A

Negative and Positive

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10
Q

These maintain hormonal balance and are often linked to homeostatic processes. A signal in the lower section of a hierarchy is sent to a higher section to inhibit action.

A

Negative Feedback

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11
Q

These cause physiologic changes in the system involved. A signal in the lower section of a hierarchy is sent to a higher section to excite an action.

A

Positive Feedback

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12
Q

Class of Hormones including Insulin and Gonadotropins

A

Proteins

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13
Q

Class of Hormones including cortisol and estrogen

A

Steroids

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14
Q

Class of Hormones including retinoids and Vitamin D

A

Vitamin Derivatives

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15
Q

How are hormones stored?

A

Precursors or Prohormones (preproinsulin, POMC)

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16
Q

Three types of cells in the Endocrine System

A
  1. Endocrine Cell
  2. Paracrine Cell
  3. Autocrine Cell
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17
Q

Cell –> Anywhere in body

A

Endocrine Cell

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18
Q

Cell –> Proximal Cell

A

Paracrine Cell

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19
Q

Cell –> Itself

A

Autocrine Cell

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20
Q

Hormone –> Cellular Effect –> Physiological Response & Feedback

A

Homeostatic Principle of Endocrinology

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21
Q

Two types of Endocrine Environmental Adaptation

A

Pulsatile and Circadian Rhythms (Note: Hormones commonly activated by light or sleep)

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22
Q

Brain Stem Rule #1

A

Hormones Obey Newton’s 3rd Law

23
Q

Brain Stem Rule #2

A

Plasma accumulation of ANYTHING reflects balance between rate of formation and rate of removal

24
Q

Brain Stem Rule #3

A

Most protein hormones have short plasma half lives and some (like ACTH) are very susceptible to ex vivo proteolysis.

25
Q

This is predominantly connected to the hypothalamus by vascular connections

A

Adenohypophysis or Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland

26
Q

This is predominantly connected to the hypothalamus by neural connections

A

Neurohypophysis or Posterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland

27
Q

Tea Time, Praise The Lord

A

TRH –> TSH + PRL –> Thyrotroph and Lactotrophs

28
Q

Function of Thyrotrophs

A

Metabolism

29
Q

Function of Lactotrophs

A

Lactation

30
Q

Lovely Lola F*cks George

A

LHRH –> LH + FSH –> Gonadotrophs

31
Q

Function of Gonadotrophs

A

Reproduction

32
Q

Crazy Andrew Cries

A

CRH –> ACTH –> Corticotroph

33
Q

Function of Corticotroph

A

Stress

34
Q

Growing Gary Stilts

A

GHRH –> GH –> Somatotroph

35
Q

Function of Somatotroph

A

Growth

36
Q

Shrinking Gary Shrinks

A

Somatostatin –> GH –> Somatotroph (Note: Shrinking is opposite of Growing, so this is an inhibitory process)

37
Q

Dolly Parton Lactates?

A

Dopamine –> PRL –> Lactotroph (Note: Dolly Parton probably can’t lactate, so this is an inhibitory process)

38
Q

Common Hormones from the Neurohypophysis

A

Oxytocin and ADH (aka Vasopressin aka Arginine Vasopressin)

39
Q

Functions of the Hypothalamus

A
  1. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
  2. Body temperature
  3. Biological Rhythms
  4. Electrolyte Balance
  5. Emotional Behavior (Anger, fear, euphoria)
  6. Motivational Behavior (sex, hunger, aggression, thirsty)
  7. Hormone Secretion
40
Q

What is the thyroid feedback loop?

A

TRH from the hypothalamus is released to the Pituitary Thyrotroph to produce TSH that is released to the thyroid gland which excited it to produce T3 and T4. With elevated T3 and T4, they inhibit this process by acting on either the hypothalamus OR the Pituitary Gland.

Somatostatin from the hypothalmus is released to the pituitary thyrotroph to inhibit synthesis of TRH

41
Q

Thyroid Anatomy

A

Right Lobe, Left Lobe, Pyrimidal Lobe, Isthmus

42
Q

This is synthesized by the thyroid epithelial cells and secreted into the lumen (colloid) of the follicle.

A

Thyroglobulin

43
Q

The colloid is primarily filled with ____________.

A

Thyroglobulin

44
Q

Functions of the Thyroid Hormone

A
  1. Development and function of the CNS
  2. Fat oxidation and increase in metabolic rate
  3. Skeletal muscle strength
  4. Myocardium contractility
  5. Protein Synthesis
  6. Vascular endothelial function and coagulation
45
Q

Lab Tests for Thyroid

A

TSH, Free T4, Total T3, Reverse T3

46
Q

High TSH levels with Low T4

A

Primary Hypothyroidism

47
Q

Low TSH levels with High T4

A

Primary Hyperthyroidism

48
Q

Low TSH and T4 levels

A

Secondary Hypothyroidism (Central Hypothyroidism)

49
Q

High TSH and T4

A

Screen for an adenoma!

50
Q

Thyroxine

A

T4

51
Q

First line test for thyroid function? Why?

A

TSH because it is highly reliable and cheap to do. Does have pitfalls and can be inaccurate if in a dynamic state.

52
Q

Causes of elevated TSH

A
  1. Hypothyroidism
  2. Recovering from a non-thyroid illness
  3. Central Hypothyroidism
  4. Adrenal insufficiency
  5. Thyroid Hormone Resistance
  6. Heterophilic Antibodies
  7. Nocturnal TSH surges
  8. TSH-secreting adenoma
  9. Drugs (lithium, iodide/contrast agents, dopamine antagonists, metaclopramide, amiodarone)
53
Q

Causes of low TSH

A
  1. Hyperthyroidism
  2. Hypopituitaryism
  3. Non-thyroidal illness
  4. Starvation
  5. Cushing’s Syndrome
  6. Elderly with normal response to TRH
  7. Drugs (dopamine and dopaminergic agents, glucocorticoids, somatostatin, opiates, NSAIDs, amphetamines, cocaine)
54
Q

Causes of Elevated T4

A

Heparin/Furosemide/NSAIDs! This can cause lipoprotein lipase to lyse triglycerides to form free fatty acids that can displace T4 from the receptors

Med 1 Endo (9 decks)

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