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Med 1 Endo > DM I > Flashcards

DM I Flashcards

1. Define the following diseases/disorders to include the pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors (if any), clinical presentation, physical findings, diagnostic evaluation, differential diagnoses, and management plan. • Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) • Somogyi effect and dawn phenomenon • Hypoglycemia 2. Discuss the following medical complications to include treatment options associated with diabetes: • Retin

1
Q

When is Type 1 DM typically diagnosed?

A

Children and Young Adults

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2
Q

What happens in Type 1 DM?

A

The body does not produce insulin

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3
Q

What is insulin used for? Why is it important?

A

Insulin is required in order for the body to properly use sugar (in the form of glucose)

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4
Q

Why is sugar important for the body?

A

Basic fuel for cells

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5
Q

What is the role of insulin with sugar?

A

Takes the sugar from the blood and carries it into the cells where it can be used to provide energy for functionality.

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6
Q

What happens when insulin binds to the insulin receptor on the cell membrane?

A

Unlocks the cell so glucose can pass into it.

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7
Q

Blood glucose will _____ after a meal

A

Rise

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8
Q

After a meal, what will your pancreas do to compensate for the rise in blood glucose

A

Pancreas will release more insulin

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9
Q

Blood glucose tends to _____ during the day

A

Fluctuate

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10
Q

Insulin is secreted from the pancreas from what cell?

A

Beta 1 Cell

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11
Q

In an islet smear, what will you see in a patient with DM I that you won’t see in normal patients?

A

Lymphocytic Infiltration

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12
Q

Type I DM is commonly an

A

Autoimmune Disease

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13
Q

Over time, what does the pathogenesis of DM I look like?

A

Interactions between genes imparting susceptibility and resistance. Beta Cells are normal

Variable insulitis B-cell sensitivity and injury occuring

Pre-diabetes (less Beta cells)

Overt Diabetes (80-90% of Beta Cell loss)

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14
Q

Untreated DM 1 can cause

A
  1. Muscle Atrophy because there will be NO glucose going to the muscles
  2. CVD (Stroke, MI, Loss of circulation)
  3. Blindness
  4. Kidney Disease
  5. Nerve Damage
  6. Amputation
  7. Diabetic Neuropathy
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15
Q

Treatment for DM 1

A

INSULIN therapy! So glucose can go into the cells

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16
Q

What is Diabetic Nephropathy?

A

Clinical Syndrome characterized by persistent albuminuria, HTN, RELENTLESS DECLIN IN GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and a high risk of CV morbidity or mortality.

17
Q

This disease is a common cause of Diabetic Nephropathy

A

End Stage Renal Disease

18
Q

How common is Diabetic Nephropathy in Diabetics?

A

20-30%

19
Q

Action on Diabetic Nephropathy should occur before the development of

A

Albuminuria

20
Q

What is important do monitor in a pt diagnosed with Diabetic Nephropathy?

A

Blood pressure! Because of the effects on the glomeruli

21
Q

Diabetes can cause what in the eye?

A

RETINOPATHY
Non-proliferative:
1. Aneurysm
2. Hemorrhages
3. Hard exudates
4. Cotton Wool Spots

Proliferative:
5. Growth of the abnormal blood vessels

22
Q

Visual changes with Diabetic Retinopathy:

A

Very blurry with spots of no vision (blacked out)

23
Q

Neuropathy can be caused by diabetes in what areas of the body, most commonly?

A

Feet and HAnds
Heart and Circulation
Stomach, Bladder, and Sex Organs

24
Q

Diabetes is the most common cause of ?

A

Peripheral neuropathy

25
Q

Peripheral Neuropathy can cause

A

Foot Ulcers, which can lead to amputation

26
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy?

A

Feet and Hands lose nerve senses

27
Q

What is autonomic neuropathy?

A

Loss of nerve sensation in the ANS, such as in the heart or digestion

28
Q

Autonomic Neuropathy can lead to

A

HRN, HR issues, Bladder Emptying issues, and Digestion issues

29
Q

What is a HbA1C Test?

A

Test that measures the percentage of HbA1c in your body. Corresponds to an average blood glucose for the previous 3 months

30
Q

What is HbA1C?

A

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

31
Q

Keeping blood glucose in target range reduces:

A

Kidney Disease, Nerve Damage, and Eye Disease

32
Q

Treatment for DM1

A

Insulin Pumps

33
Q

Target percentage for Hb A1C

A

< 6.5%

34
Q

Limiting factor for treatment of DM I

A

HYPOGLYCEMIA

35
Q

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

A

Headache
Sweating
Impaired Vision
Dizziness
Fast Heartbeat
Hunger
Shaking
Anxiety
Irritability
Weakness/Fatigue

36
Q

Suspected Low Blood Sugar, what should you do?

A

Test your blood sugar to confirm, then drink 1/2 cup of juice or use 2-3 glucose tablets.

After 15 minutes, see if it has gone up past 80. If not, take another 15 mg or snack if meal is within the hour.

37
Q

Hypoglycemic?

A

Eat or drink 15 grams of fast-acting low-fat carbohydrates right away

Med 1 Endo (9 decks)

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