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MJ- Pharmacology Exam 1 > Overview of antibiotics > Flashcards

Overview of antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of ______:

Study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes

A

Definition of pharmacology

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2
Q

Definition of_____=

Study of the therapeutic uses and effects of drugs

A

Definition of pharmacotherapeutics

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3
Q

Types of antimicrobials (antibiotics)

A
  • Antibacterial
  • Antifungal
  • Antimycobacterial
  • Antiviral
  • Antiprotozoal: malaria, amebiasis
  • Antihelminthic: roundworms, flukes, tapeworms
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4
Q

Four mechanism of actions of antibacterials

A
  1. Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibitors of translation and transcription (block replication)
  3. Inhibition of DNA syntheses and integrity
  4. Inhibitors of folate synthesis and function
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5
Q

Inhibitors of Folate Synthesis and Functions- picture of folate synthesis pathway

A

Can combine two that act on different parts of the pathway

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6
Q

What are the three major groups of antibacterials?

A
  1. Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibitors of translation and transcription
  3. Inhibition of DNA syntheses and integrity/inhibitors of folate synthesis and function
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7
Q

What antibacterials inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A
  1. Beta-Lactams penicillins
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Glycopeptides: Vancomycin
  4. TB medications
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8
Q

What antibacterials are inhibitors of translation and transcription?

A
  1. Tetracyclines
  2. Oxazolidinones: Linezolid
  3. Macrolides
  4. Clindamycin
  5. Aminoglycosides and Spectinomycin
  6. TB medications

“TOMCAT”

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9
Q

Which antibacterials are inhibitors of DNA syntheses and integrity/inhibitors of folate synthesis and function?

A
  1. Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim
  2. Quinolones
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10
Q

Bactericidal

A

-Kill bacteria

•Mechanism is generally inhibition of cell wall synthesis

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11
Q

Bactericidal- Time dependent killing

A
  • Serum level above MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)
  • Beta Lactams and vancomycin
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12
Q

Bactericidal- Concentration dependent killing

A
  • Higher drug concentration determines rate and extent of killing
  • Aminoglycosides and quinolones
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13
Q

Mechanism of action of bacteriostatic antibiotics

A

Mechanism is generally inhibition of protein synthesis

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14
Q

Examples of bacteriostatic antibacterials

A
  1. Macrolides
  2. Sulfonamides
  3. Tetracyclines

“MS. T”

bacterioSTatic= mS. T

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15
Q

Bactericidal agents

A
  1. Aminoglycosides
  2. Bacitracin
  3. B-lactam antibiotics
  4. Daptomycin
  5. Fosfomycin
  6. Glycopeptide antibiotics
  7. Isoniazid
  8. Ketolides
  9. Metronidazole
  10. Polymyxins
  11. Pyrazinamide
  12. Quinolones
  13. Rifampin
  14. Streptogramins
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16
Q

Bacteriostatic agents

A
  1. Chloramphenicol
  2. Clindamycin
  3. Ethambutol
  4. Macrolides
  5. Nitrofurantoin
  6. Novobiocin
  7. Oxazolidinones
  8. Sulfonamides
  9. Tetracyclines
  10. Tigecycline
  11. Trimethoprim
17
Q

Postantibiotic effect

A

•Persistent suppression of bacterial growth after limited exposure to an antimicrobial agent.

18
Q

Proposed mechanism of postantibiotic effect

A
  • Slow recovery after reversible non lethal damage to cell structures
  • Persistence of the drug at the binding site
  • Need to synthesize new enzymes before microorganism growth can resume
19
Q

What should be considered BEFORE you prescribe?

A
  1. ✓ Allergy or history of adverse drug reactions
  2. ✓ Age of patient- neonates, etc
  3. ✓ Pregnancy
  4. ✓ Metabolic or genetic variation
  5. ✓ Renal and hepatic function: Patients with diminished renal and/or hepatic function will accumulate certain drugs unless the dosage is adjusted
  6. ✓ Concomitant drug therapy: Any concomitant therapy the patient is receiving may influence the selection of drug therapy, the dose, and monitoring
  7. ✓ Concomitant disease states
20
Q

What is an antibiogram?

A
  • A report of susceptibility/resistance of pathogens to antibiotics
  • Provide information about local resistance patterns
  • Includes the percentage of bacterial isolates susceptible or resistant to each antimicrobial agent tested
  • Can be used to determine empiric treatment options

MJ- Pharmacology Exam 1 (13 decks)

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