Overview Of Anatomy And Basic Concepts Flashcards
Anatomical position
Palm facing forward, thumbs pointing out, arms to side, feet facing forward
Median plane
Vertical, divides body into left and right equally
Sagittal plane
Divides the body parallel to medial plane, vertical plane
Transverse (horizontal) plane-
divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
Transverse (horizontal) plane-
divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
Frontal (coronal) plane
vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to median plane, divides body into anterior (front) and posterior portions
Sagittal is on what axis
X
Any movement going back is
Extension
Any movement going forward is
Flexion
Frontal plane is on what axis
A/P Z
Transverse plane is on what axis
Y axis
For a body part or joint to move, it must move with an
Axis of rotation
Back of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Superior
Toward the head
Inferior
Towards the feet
Proximal
Toward the trunk
Distal
Away from the trunk
Medial
Toward the midline
Away from the midline
Lateral
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body
Contralateral
Opposite side of body
Superficial
Located externally, closer to surface of body
located more internally farther from surface of the body
Deep
Largest organ system
Integumentary system
5 layers of the epidermis
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
First degree burn is on what layer of skin
Epidermis
Second degree burn is on what layer of skin
Dermis
Elastin fibers
Gives the ability to stretch and return to its original state
What degree of burn is most painful and why
Second degree because the dermis has the most nerve endings
Sacks of fluid filled with synovial fluid
Bursae’s
Flexion/extension of the hip is a movement of what plane
Sagittal plane
Shoulder flexion and extension is an example of what plane movement
Sagittal
Elbow flexion and extension is an example of what plane movement
Sagittal
Flexion and extension of the knee is an example of a movement on what plane
Sagittal
Trunk flexion and extension is on what plane
Median
Trunk flexion and extension is a movement on what plane
Median
Imaginary line that the joint pivots or rotates
Axis of rotation
Head abduction and adduction is on movement of what plane
Frontal
Hip adduction and abduction is an example of a movement on what plane
Frontal
Rotation of neck is an example of a movement on what axis
Transverse
Trunk rotation is an example of a movement on what plane
Transverse
Shoulder and hip internal and external rotation is an example of what plane
Transverse
Best section to see pathological tissue or disease of the brain
Transverse sectioning
Toward the midline
Adduction
Away from the midline
Abduction
Basal membrane, most inner part of epidermis,stem cells
Stratum basale
Where is elastin in the skin
Dermis
What layer of skin has superficial fascia
Hypodermis
Deep fascia covering one muscle
Investing fascia
Deep fascia inbetween muscle groups
Intermuscular septa
deep fascia between bone
Interosseuous membrane
Gives cushion and reduces friction between bones, muscles, and ligaments
Synovial fluid
Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
Ligament
Attaches muscle to bone
Tendon
Cell that maintains bone
Osteocytes
Cell that produces bone
Osteoblasts
Cell that destroys bone
Osteoclasts
Bones are made up of
Osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes and matrix
The matrix consists of
Ground substance and collagen fibers type 1 and 2
Type 1 collagen fibers
Every connective tissue like bone
Type 2 collagen fibers
Hyalin and fibrocartilage
What is ground substance made up of
Proteoglycans and GAG (glycosaminoglycan)
What are proteoglycans
Water loving molecules
What is GAG
Consists of hyaluronic acid and
glucosamine chondriotin
Compact bone consists of how much of the bone
80% of bone
What is periosteum
Covering of bone that contains vessels
Avascular necrosis is
No blood flow through the bone that causes cell death and break down of bone
It is porous and hollow, and contains bone marrow
Trabecular bone
Where is the trabecular bone
Medullary cavity
Why is bone marrow important
Produces red and white blood cells and platelets
Top/head of bone
Epiphyses
Between diaphysis and epiphysises, contains growth plate
Metaphysis
Shaft of bone
Diaphysis
What bone is tubular
Long bones
Examples of long bones
Humerus and femur
Bones that are Cuboidal and found only in the tarsal and carpus
Short bones
Bone that serve as protective functions
Flat bones
Example of flat bone
Cranium
Have various shapes other than long short or flat
Irregular bones
Bones that protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as a pass to the attachments, floating bone
Sesamoid bones
Example of a sesamoid bone
Patella/knee cap
Endochondral ossification
Within cartlidge ossification
2/3 of this inner bone is supplied by
Nutrient artery
Goes through the periosteum and penetrates the compact bone to supply it
Periosteal artery
Goes through the epiphysis and supplies to the epiphysis
Epiphyseal artery
How are joints classified
By the connective tissue
Articulation between bony surfaces
Joints
Fibrous connective tissue that attaches to bone surface, has very little movement
Fibrous joint
Examples of fibrous joint
Cranial sutures and syndesmoses of the ulna and radius
Joint with hyaline Cartlidge and fibrocartlidge, some movement
Cartilaginous joints
Most movement out of all the joints, has a capsule that surrounds it and is tough
Synovial joints
What does synovial fluid do and where is it from
Secretes from the synovial membrane and lubricats the joint as well bring nutrients to the hyaline cartilage
What joint has more subluxations and separations
Synovial joints
Has a bony protusion and encircled by a socket
Pivot joint
Example of pivot joint
C1 and C2 joint
C1 vertebrae is known as the
Atlas
C2 vertebrae is known as
Axis
Socket shape where it is bony on side and ligament on the other side
C2
50% rotation (80-90 degrees) of cervical spine occurs in the
C2 and C1
Degrade or breakdown of hyalin cartridge is
Arthritis
Hip joint has many degrees of freedom
3
2 flat surfaces sliding against eachother
Plane joints
Example of plane joint
AC joint/ clavicle
convex and concave surface, allows extension and flexion, abduction and adduction
Saddle joint
Example of saddle joint
CMC - carpal metacarpal
Metacarpal and meta tarsals are examples of what joint
Condyloid joint
What movements can condyloid joints do
Abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, and circumduction
Smooth muscles are
Non striated and involuntary
What are striations
Predictable patterns of actin and myosin
Do smooth muscles have actin and myosin
Yes
Have heads that articulate with the actin that shortens the sacromere that shortens the muscle
Myosin
Which contraction generates more force and why
Isometric and because force is equal
Cardiac muscles are
Striated, involuntary, and intercalated discs
Most abundant type of tissue in the body
Skeletal
Where is smooth muscles found
Intestines, bladder, stomach, and vessels
T/F smooth muscle have sarcomeres
False
Smallest unit of muscle located within myofibril
Sarcomere
Actin and myosin are
Myofilaments
What does cardiac muscle include
One nucleus, mitochondria, starts action potential, purjinke fibers
Conducts electrical impulses that allow coordination contraction of the cardiac muscle usually at 15 to 40 bpm
Purkinje fibers
Surrounded by epimysium and fasciculus
Muscle belly
Group of muscle fibers (100-150 fascicles per muscle fiber)
Fasciculus
Connective tissue that surround fasciculus
Perimysium
Surround each muscle fiber
Endomysium
The cell of the muscle is known as
Muscle fiber
Plasma membrane of the muscle fiber is the
Sarcolemma
Cytoplasm of striated muscle cells
Sarcoplasm
Where are alpha motor neurons located
Ventral horn
What is a contraction
Myosin head grabbing the actin and bringing them closer together
Fusiform
Spindle shaped, parallel to their origin and insertion, contracts fast but not a lot of force
Example of fusiform
Bicep brachii
Contracts with more force due to more sarcomeres and has fibers in angles
Bipennate
Only one side has fibers at an angle
Unipennate
Has more than 2 pennants muscle, generates A lot of force
Multipennate
Flat parallel muscle with aponeurosis (connective tissue)
Flat muscles
Origin is wider than insertion
Convergent
Example of convergent muscle shape
Pectoral is major
Parallel, the orientation does not allow generation of large forces
Thin parallel muscle
Muscle contracts and is shorten is what type of contraction
Concentric
Tensed muscle lengthens and has more myosin and actin
Eccentric
Agonist
Main muscle producing a specific movement
Fixator
Steadies the proximal parts of a limb through isometric contractions, while movements are occurring and distal parts
Synergist
Complements the action of a prime mover, and it may directly assessed the prime mover
Antagonist
Directly opposes the prime mover action
AROM
Movement of a joint/body part without outside help
PROM
Movement of a joint/body body parts with help doing the movements
Contractile tissue
Muscles, their tendons and their attachments to the bone
Inert tissue
Joint capsules, ligaments,bursae, blood vessels, Cartlidge,and dura matter
Pain when contracting or stretching the muscle means it is a ____ issue
Tendon issue
Pain when stretching the muscle, or putting it in the position that it got injured, but contracting does not give pain means it is a ___ issue
Ligament
Lub dub sound is made from what
Mitral and tricuspid vavle closing- lub
Aortic and pulmonary valve closing-dub
What percent volume of blood is in the Venus side
60%-80%
What size arteries have elastin and why?
Large and medium arteries, because it maintains the size of the vessel after blood is pumped into them
What kind of muscle do arteries have?
Smooth muscle
Constriction and dilation happens on the artery or vein side
Artery
What is larger lumen of vein or lumen of artery?
Lumen of vein is larger 
Inner layer compose a single squamous cells
Tunica intima
Outer layer connective tissue
Tunica adventitia
Smooth muscle, in between inner and outer layer of the artery and vein
Tunica media
What controls the blood pressure
Small arteries
Blood goes back to the heart through what system
Venous system
Functions of the lymphatic system
Remove excess fluid
help immunity
transport fat
Five components of the lymphoid system
Lymphatic plexuses
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph
Lymph nodes
Lymphoid organs
it is clear fluid but when it has fatty acid, it is whitish
Lymph
Where your T cells mature
Thymus
Spleen
White blood cells attack foreign particles
The central nervous system consists of
Brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system consists of
Cranial nerves and 31 pairs of nerves
What are the spinal cord goes through?
Central canal
Where does the spinal cord start and end?
Starts at the brain stem and goes to L1/L2
What is between the pia matter an arachnoid matter?
Subarachnoid space, which contains cerebral spinal fluid
Gray matter consist of
Cell bodies
White matter consist of
Axons of neurons, going up and down the spine
The dorsal horn’s contain
Sensory nerves (afferens)
Dorsal and ventral root unite to make a
Nerve root
Nerve root divides into
Ventral primary rami and dorsal primary rami
T/F pain and temperature have a myelin sheath
False, signal takes longer to go from PNS to CNS
Epineurium
Surrounds the peripheral nerve
Perineurium
Surrounds the fasciculus of nerve cells
Endoneurium
Connective tissue Enclosed the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber
Myotomes
Nerve routes that supply a particular group of muscles
Dermatomes
Nerve routes that supply a particular area of skin
Preganglionic is what’s, and in what nervous system
Short, neurons, white communicants, and the sympathetic nervous system
Post ganglionic is what
Long neurons, Gray communicants
Sympathetic, nervous system origin
Thoracic and lumbar
Parasympathetic, nervous system origin
Cranial and sacral nerves
Lateral horn
preganglionic neurons
Preganglionic uses ____ and Postganglionic uses ____\
Acetylcholine, epinephrine
Somatic fibers
Easy general ones
