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Anatomy > Overview Of Anatomy And Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Overview Of Anatomy And Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical position

A

Palm facing forward, thumbs pointing out, arms to side, feet facing forward

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2
Q

Median plane

A

Vertical, divides body into left and right equally

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3
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body parallel to medial plane, vertical plane

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4
Q

Transverse (horizontal) plane-

A

divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

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5
Q

Transverse (horizontal) plane-

A

divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

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6
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to median plane, divides body into anterior (front) and posterior portions

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7
Q

Sagittal is on what axis

A

X

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8
Q

Any movement going back is

A

Extension

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9
Q

Any movement going forward is

A

Flexion

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10
Q

Frontal plane is on what axis

A

A/P Z

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11
Q

Transverse plane is on what axis

A

Y axis

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12
Q

For a body part or joint to move, it must move with an

A

Axis of rotation

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13
Q

Back of the body

A

Posterior (dorsal)

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14
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head

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15
Q

Inferior

A

Towards the feet

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16
Q

Proximal

A

Toward the trunk

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17
Q

Distal

A

Away from the trunk

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18
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline

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19
Q

Away from the midline

A

Lateral

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20
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of the body

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21
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side of body

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22
Q

Superficial

A

Located externally, closer to surface of body

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23
Q

located more internally farther from surface of the body

A

Deep

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24
Q

Largest organ system

A

Integumentary system

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25
Q

5 layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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26
Q

First degree burn is on what layer of skin

A

Epidermis

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27
Q

Second degree burn is on what layer of skin

A

Dermis

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28
Q

Elastin fibers

A

Gives the ability to stretch and return to its original state

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29
Q

What degree of burn is most painful and why

A

Second degree because the dermis has the most nerve endings

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30
Q

Sacks of fluid filled with synovial fluid

A

Bursae’s

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31
Q

Flexion/extension of the hip is a movement of what plane

A

Sagittal plane

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32
Q

Shoulder flexion and extension is an example of what plane movement

A

Sagittal

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33
Q

Elbow flexion and extension is an example of what plane movement

A

Sagittal

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34
Q

Flexion and extension of the knee is an example of a movement on what plane

A

Sagittal

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35
Q

Trunk flexion and extension is on what plane

A

Median

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36
Q

Trunk flexion and extension is a movement on what plane

A

Median

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37
Q

Imaginary line that the joint pivots or rotates

A

Axis of rotation

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38
Q

Head abduction and adduction is on movement of what plane

A

Frontal

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39
Q

Hip adduction and abduction is an example of a movement on what plane

A

Frontal

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40
Q

Rotation of neck is an example of a movement on what axis

A

Transverse

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41
Q

Trunk rotation is an example of a movement on what plane

A

Transverse

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42
Q

Shoulder and hip internal and external rotation is an example of what plane

A

Transverse

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43
Q

Best section to see pathological tissue or disease of the brain

A

Transverse sectioning

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44
Q

Toward the midline

A

Adduction

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45
Q

Away from the midline

A

Abduction

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46
Q

Basal membrane, most inner part of epidermis,stem cells

A

Stratum basale

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47
Q

Where is elastin in the skin

A

Dermis

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48
Q

What layer of skin has superficial fascia

A

Hypodermis

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49
Q

Deep fascia covering one muscle

A

Investing fascia

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50
Q

Deep fascia inbetween muscle groups

A

Intermuscular septa

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51
Q

deep fascia between bone

A

Interosseuous membrane

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52
Q

Gives cushion and reduces friction between bones, muscles, and ligaments

A

Synovial fluid

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53
Q

Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

A

Ligament

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54
Q

Attaches muscle to bone

A

Tendon

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55
Q

Cell that maintains bone

A

Osteocytes

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56
Q

Cell that produces bone

A

Osteoblasts

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57
Q

Cell that destroys bone

A

Osteoclasts

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58
Q

Bones are made up of

A

Osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes and matrix

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59
Q

The matrix consists of

A

Ground substance and collagen fibers type 1 and 2

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60
Q

Type 1 collagen fibers

A

Every connective tissue like bone

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61
Q

Type 2 collagen fibers

A

Hyalin and fibrocartilage

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62
Q

What is ground substance made up of

A

Proteoglycans and GAG (glycosaminoglycan)

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63
Q

What are proteoglycans

A

Water loving molecules

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64
Q

What is GAG

A

Consists of hyaluronic acid and
glucosamine chondriotin

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65
Q

Compact bone consists of how much of the bone

A

80% of bone

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66
Q

What is periosteum

A

Covering of bone that contains vessels

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67
Q

Avascular necrosis is

A

No blood flow through the bone that causes cell death and break down of bone

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68
Q

It is porous and hollow, and contains bone marrow

A

Trabecular bone

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69
Q

Where is the trabecular bone

A

Medullary cavity

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70
Q

Why is bone marrow important

A

Produces red and white blood cells and platelets

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71
Q

Top/head of bone

A

Epiphyses

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72
Q

Between diaphysis and epiphysises, contains growth plate

A

Metaphysis

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73
Q

Shaft of bone

A

Diaphysis

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74
Q

What bone is tubular

A

Long bones

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75
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Humerus and femur

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76
Q

Bones that are Cuboidal and found only in the tarsal and carpus

A

Short bones

77
Q

Bone that serve as protective functions

A

Flat bones

78
Q

Example of flat bone

A

Cranium

79
Q

Have various shapes other than long short or flat

A

Irregular bones

80
Q

Bones that protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as a pass to the attachments, floating bone

A

Sesamoid bones

81
Q

Example of a sesamoid bone

A

Patella/knee cap

82
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Within cartlidge ossification

83
Q

2/3 of this inner bone is supplied by

A

Nutrient artery

84
Q

Goes through the periosteum and penetrates the compact bone to supply it

A

Periosteal artery

85
Q

Goes through the epiphysis and supplies to the epiphysis

A

Epiphyseal artery

86
Q

How are joints classified

A

By the connective tissue

87
Q

Articulation between bony surfaces

A

Joints

88
Q

Fibrous connective tissue that attaches to bone surface, has very little movement

A

Fibrous joint

89
Q

Examples of fibrous joint

A

Cranial sutures and syndesmoses of the ulna and radius

90
Q

Joint with hyaline Cartlidge and fibrocartlidge, some movement

A

Cartilaginous joints

91
Q

Most movement out of all the joints, has a capsule that surrounds it and is tough

A

Synovial joints

92
Q

What does synovial fluid do and where is it from

A

Secretes from the synovial membrane and lubricats the joint as well bring nutrients to the hyaline cartilage

93
Q

What joint has more subluxations and separations

A

Synovial joints

94
Q

Has a bony protusion and encircled by a socket

A

Pivot joint

95
Q

Example of pivot joint

A

C1 and C2 joint

96
Q

C1 vertebrae is known as the

A

Atlas

97
Q

C2 vertebrae is known as

A

Axis

98
Q

Socket shape where it is bony on side and ligament on the other side

A

C2

99
Q

50% rotation (80-90 degrees) of cervical spine occurs in the

A

C2 and C1

100
Q

Degrade or breakdown of hyalin cartridge is

A

Arthritis

101
Q

Hip joint has many degrees of freedom

A

3

102
Q

2 flat surfaces sliding against eachother

A

Plane joints

103
Q

Example of plane joint

A

AC joint/ clavicle

104
Q

convex and concave surface, allows extension and flexion, abduction and adduction

A

Saddle joint

105
Q

Example of saddle joint

A

CMC - carpal metacarpal

106
Q

Metacarpal and meta tarsals are examples of what joint

A

Condyloid joint

107
Q

What movements can condyloid joints do

A

Abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, and circumduction

108
Q

Smooth muscles are

A

Non striated and involuntary

109
Q

What are striations

A

Predictable patterns of actin and myosin

110
Q

Do smooth muscles have actin and myosin

A

Yes

111
Q

Have heads that articulate with the actin that shortens the sacromere that shortens the muscle

A

Myosin

112
Q

Which contraction generates more force and why

A

Isometric and because force is equal

113
Q

Cardiac muscles are

A

Striated, involuntary, and intercalated discs

114
Q

Most abundant type of tissue in the body

A

Skeletal

115
Q

Where is smooth muscles found

A

Intestines, bladder, stomach, and vessels

116
Q

T/F smooth muscle have sarcomeres

A

False

117
Q

Smallest unit of muscle located within myofibril

A

Sarcomere

118
Q

Actin and myosin are

A

Myofilaments

119
Q

What does cardiac muscle include

A

One nucleus, mitochondria, starts action potential, purjinke fibers

120
Q

Conducts electrical impulses that allow coordination contraction of the cardiac muscle usually at 15 to 40 bpm

A

Purkinje fibers

121
Q

Surrounded by epimysium and fasciculus

A

Muscle belly

122
Q

Group of muscle fibers (100-150 fascicles per muscle fiber)

A

Fasciculus

123
Q

Connective tissue that surround fasciculus

A

Perimysium

124
Q

Surround each muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

125
Q

The cell of the muscle is known as

A

Muscle fiber

126
Q

Plasma membrane of the muscle fiber is the

A

Sarcolemma

127
Q

Cytoplasm of striated muscle cells

A

Sarcoplasm

128
Q

Where are alpha motor neurons located

A

Ventral horn

129
Q

What is a contraction

A

Myosin head grabbing the actin and bringing them closer together

130
Q

Fusiform

A

Spindle shaped, parallel to their origin and insertion, contracts fast but not a lot of force

131
Q

Example of fusiform

A

Bicep brachii

132
Q

Contracts with more force due to more sarcomeres and has fibers in angles

A

Bipennate

133
Q

Only one side has fibers at an angle

A

Unipennate

134
Q

Has more than 2 pennants muscle, generates A lot of force

A

Multipennate

135
Q

Flat parallel muscle with aponeurosis (connective tissue)

A

Flat muscles

136
Q

Origin is wider than insertion

A

Convergent

137
Q

Example of convergent muscle shape

A

Pectoral is major

138
Q

Parallel, the orientation does not allow generation of large forces

A

Thin parallel muscle

139
Q

Muscle contracts and is shorten is what type of contraction

A

Concentric

140
Q

Tensed muscle lengthens and has more myosin and actin

A

Eccentric

141
Q

Agonist

A

Main muscle producing a specific movement

142
Q

Fixator

A

Steadies the proximal parts of a limb through isometric contractions, while movements are occurring and distal parts

143
Q

Synergist

A

Complements the action of a prime mover, and it may directly assessed the prime mover

144
Q

Antagonist

A

Directly opposes the prime mover action

145
Q

AROM

A

Movement of a joint/body part without outside help

146
Q

PROM

A

Movement of a joint/body body parts with help doing the movements

147
Q

Contractile tissue

A

Muscles, their tendons and their attachments to the bone

148
Q

Inert tissue

A

Joint capsules, ligaments,bursae, blood vessels, Cartlidge,and dura matter

149
Q

Pain when contracting or stretching the muscle means it is a ____ issue

A

Tendon issue

150
Q

Pain when stretching the muscle, or putting it in the position that it got injured, but contracting does not give pain means it is a ___ issue

A

Ligament

151
Q

Lub dub sound is made from what

A

Mitral and tricuspid vavle closing- lub
Aortic and pulmonary valve closing-dub

152
Q

What percent volume of blood is in the Venus side

A

60%-80%

153
Q

What size arteries have elastin and why?

A

Large and medium arteries, because it maintains the size of the vessel after blood is pumped into them

154
Q

What kind of muscle do arteries have?

A

Smooth muscle

155
Q

Constriction and dilation happens on the artery or vein side

A

Artery

156
Q

What is larger lumen of vein or lumen of artery?

A

Lumen of vein is larger 

157
Q

Inner layer compose a single squamous cells

A

Tunica intima

158
Q

Outer layer connective tissue

A

Tunica adventitia

159
Q

Smooth muscle, in between inner and outer layer of the artery and vein

A

Tunica media

160
Q

What controls the blood pressure

A

Small arteries

161
Q

Blood goes back to the heart through what system

A

Venous system

162
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

Remove excess fluid
help immunity
transport fat

163
Q

Five components of the lymphoid system

A

Lymphatic plexuses
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph
Lymph nodes
Lymphoid organs

164
Q

it is clear fluid but when it has fatty acid, it is whitish

A

Lymph

165
Q

Where your T cells mature

A

Thymus

166
Q

Spleen

A

White blood cells attack foreign particles

167
Q

The central nervous system consists of

A

Brain and spinal cord

168
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of

A

Cranial nerves and 31 pairs of nerves

169
Q

What are the spinal cord goes through?

A

Central canal

170
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end?

A

Starts at the brain stem and goes to L1/L2

171
Q

What is between the pia matter an arachnoid matter?

A

Subarachnoid space, which contains cerebral spinal fluid

172
Q

Gray matter consist of

A

Cell bodies

173
Q

White matter consist of

A

Axons of neurons, going up and down the spine

174
Q

The dorsal horn’s contain

A

Sensory nerves (afferens)

175
Q

Dorsal and ventral root unite to make a

A

Nerve root

176
Q

Nerve root divides into

A

Ventral primary rami and dorsal primary rami

177
Q

T/F pain and temperature have a myelin sheath

A

False, signal takes longer to go from PNS to CNS

178
Q

Epineurium

A

Surrounds the peripheral nerve

179
Q

Perineurium

A

Surrounds the fasciculus of nerve cells

180
Q

Endoneurium

A

Connective tissue Enclosed the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber

181
Q

Myotomes

A

Nerve routes that supply a particular group of muscles

182
Q

Dermatomes

A

Nerve routes that supply a particular area of skin

183
Q

Preganglionic is what’s, and in what nervous system

A

Short, neurons, white communicants, and the sympathetic nervous system

184
Q

Post ganglionic is what

A

Long neurons, Gray communicants

185
Q

Sympathetic, nervous system origin

A

Thoracic and lumbar

186
Q

Parasympathetic, nervous system origin

A

Cranial and sacral nerves

187
Q

Lateral horn

A

preganglionic neurons

188
Q

Preganglionic uses ____ and Postganglionic uses ____\

A

Acetylcholine, epinephrine

189
Q

Somatic fibers

A

Easy general ones

Anatomy (6 decks)

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