Overview Drug Quiz Flashcards by Chance Lee Cauble

This powerful opiod is about 100x stronger than morphine, often used as a patch for chronic pain relief, especially for cancer patients; not for “opioid naive” patients

fentanyl

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This weak μ- and κ-agonist opioid provides moderate pain relief; thought to have less risk for dependence and is a Schedule IV drug

tramadol

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This synthetic version of cortisol is a powerful antiinflammatory; it also suppresses the immune system; short-term AE include hyperglycemia; long-term AE include bone loss, muscle wasting, and Cushing’s disease

prednisone

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This nonbiologic DMARD is the gold standard of treatment for RA; it helps to delay progression of the disease; AEs include serious risk of infection

methotrexate

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This group of disease modifying drugs are used to treat RA and include oral and injectable products; the injectable products may be ergonomically designed to improve ease of administration

Biological DMARD

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This drug provides analgesic, antipyretic, and antiinflammatory properties by inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes; AEs affect the renal, GI, and cardiac systems

NSAIDs

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This NSAID is often used as a topical product to treat osteoarthritis pain

diclofenac

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Brand name: Levaquin; AEs tendon rupture and hypoglycemia

fluoroqionolones

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Brand name: Z-pak; inhibits CYP450 enzymes whichs can result in DDIs

macrolide

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This type of cancer treatment damages cancer cells by blocking specific genes or proteins

targeted therapy

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Generic name: amoxillin; commonly used due to broad coverage of gram -/+ bacteria

penicillins

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Generic name: gentamicin; has significant AEs of otoxicity/hearing loss

aminoglycoside

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Generic name: doxyclycline; has a risk of photosensitivity

tetracycline

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This type of cancer treatment includes drugs that inhibit growth and replication of cancer cells

chemotherapy

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Generic name: clindamycin; can cause C.diff

lincosamide

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This type of cancer treatment uses hormones and drugs that use the immune system to treat cancer

immunotherapy

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This thiazide diuretic effectively lowers BP but can cause hypercalcemia and hypokalemia

HCTZ

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This calcium channel blocker drug reduces smooth muscle tone to facilitate vasodilation and reduced BP; its negative inotropic effects reduces the workload of the heart

amlodipine

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This beta-adrenoceptor blocker has negative inotropic and chronotropic effects to reduce BP; it effectively reduces resting heart rate and max heart rate

propranolol

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This antihypertensive drug blocks binding of angiotensin 2 at the receptor; benefit of no AE of cough

losartan

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This alpha-2 receptor agonist is used to treat hypertension as well as anxiety/PTSD

clonidine

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This drug reduces blood pressure by blocking conversion of angiotensin 1 to 2 which causes vasodilation and Na+/H2O excretion; increased bradykinins can cause AE of cough; other significant AE is angioedema

losinopril

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This drug works directly on smooth muscles to reduce O2 demand and relieve angina symptoms; it should have a tingling sensation when taken as a sublingual tablet; has specific storage requirements

nitroglycerin

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This antiplatelet is often used after a heart attacke (MI); it is metabolized to an ACTIVE form by CYP2C19

clopidogrel (Plavix)

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This LMWH has reduced risk for HIT, has simpler dosing than heparin, and requires no lab monitoring

enoxaparin (Lovenox)

This anticoagulant prevents vitamin K from converting to an active form; has many drug-drug and drug-food interactions

warfarin

This anticoagulant has a risk for HIT and may cause osteoporosis if used for more than 1 month; requires aPTT monitoring

heparin

This anti-arrhythmic drug has a very long half-life and extensive AEs including bluish discoloration; poor efficacy at reducing arrhythmias; be aware of potential for electrolyte imbalance if this drug is taken with a diuretic

amiodarone

This HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor blocks cholesterol synthesis and has significant food interactions with grapefruit juice

atorvastatin (Lipitor)

This cardiac medication reduces workload of the heart to treat CHF (among other conditions); has a NTI; toxicity can even occur in "therapeutic" ranges, and include AEs of confusion, N/V, visual changes (yellow-green halos)

digoxen

Inhaled antimuscarinic drugs used for maintenance treatment of COPD, duration of effect between 12-24 hours; dry mouth most common AE.

LAMA

Inhaled corticosteroid typically used for exacerbations and more severe conditions of COPD; can cause oral candidiasis, hoarse voice

fluticasone

Short-acting beta-agonist used as a rescue inhaler with an onset of about 5 minutes; may cause tachycardia, tremor, and hypokalemia

albuterol

Inhaled antimuscarinic drug with an onset of 15-20 minutes and duration of effect between 6-8 hours

SAMA

Inhaled beta-agonist used for maintenance treatment with a 12-24 hour duration; can cause tachycardia, tremor, and hypokalemia

LABA

A mucolytic drug that is nebulized; works by cleaving DNA which reduces mucous viscocity in patients with Cystic fibrosis

dornase alfa

Leukotriene receptor antagonist used to treat asthma

montelukast

Keeps chloride channels open for longer and/or improves chloride transport to thin mucous in patients with Cystic fibrosis

CFTR modulators

This laxative works by increasing water absorption which then softens and increases the bulk of intestinal content

bulk forming laxitive

This antacid neutralizes gastric acidity to relieve GERD symptoms; not very effective for treating PUD; other medications should not be taken within 2 hours of taking this drug

Tums

These acid-suppressive drugs inhibit the H+/K+-ATPase enzyme which prevents gastric acid secretion; typically a better OTC choice for treating ulcers than other OTC products

PPI inhibitor

This anticholinergic drug prevents motion-sickness related nausea and vomiting; has typical anticholinergic AEs such as dry mouth, difficulty urinating along with dizziness and drowsiness

scopolamine

This acid-suppressive drug works by blocking H2 receptors which suppresses the normal secretion of gastric acid

H2 blocker

Laxatives that work by pulling water into the colon in order to increase stool movement; may lead to electrolyte imbalance

hyperosmotic, saline, emollient

This synthetic T4 is converted to T3 to treat hypothryoidism; has a NTI and requires close monitoring and dose adjustments; overtreatment leads to hyperthyroidism symptoms

levothyroxine (Synthroid)

Synthetic vasopressin, works to reduce water excretion by increaing urine concentration (AKA antidiuretic hormone); used for nocturia

DDAVP

Used to treat primary adrenal insufficiency/hypoaldosteronism; may require a higher dose before strenuous exercise or during times of acute stress

fludrocortisone

This drug is structurally similar to testosterone and has many potential AEs including cardiac death, MI, testicular and prostate cancer, ligament rupture, aggressiveness; may be used by body builders to increase muscle mass

AAS

First line of treatment for osteoporosis, must be taken with plain water at least 30-60 minutes before any food and then stay upright afterward to avoid GI upset; rare but serious AE include atypical femur fracture (may present as groin, hip or thigh pain) and osteonecrosis of the jaw

bisphosphonates

This injectable osteoporosis drug is given every 6 months; best for patients how can't tolerate bisphosponates or are a high risk for fracture

anti-RANKL

This drug inhibits intestinal absorption of glucose and increases insulin sensitivity to treat patients with DM2; most common AE is GI discomfort; may also cause B12 deficiency

metformin

Also known as somatropin, this drug improves bone, skeletal, and organ growth along with increase RBCs; used to treat hypopituitarism

This drug control blood glucose levels in Type 2 diabetics by causing insulin release in the pancreas; due to its MOA it has a higher risk for hypoglycemia than other drug classes use to control blood glucose. One generic name for this drug is glipizide.

sulfonylureas

This antithyroid medication blocks the formation of T4 and T3; overtreatment leads to hypothyroidism

methimazole

The full name of this drug class is sodium-glucose cotransporter, which indicates it MOA for controlling blood glucose: it blocks glucose reabsorption in the kidneys and increases glucose excretion. As a result, AEs include volume depletion effects and urinary tract infections.

SGLT-2 inhibitors

This drug class keeps incretin hormone levels active longer which increases insulin sythesis to help control blood glucose in type 2 diabtics

DPP-4 inhibitors

This drug can be used as a potassium-sparing diuretic; it is also used to treat hyperaldosteronism because it is nonselective for aldosterone receptors

spironolactone

This drug controls blood glucose in both types 1 and 2 diabetics; usually injected before meals.

bolus insulin

This drug class controls blood glucose in type 2 diabetics by increasing insulin sensitivity in muscle/fat; referred to as an "insulin sensitizer," boxed warning for heart failure

TZD

This drug class is an analog to glucagon-like peptide 1 and increases insulin secretion when glucose is elevated; AE similar to metformin (GI issues)

GLP1 receptor agonist

This drug is usually injected once daily to control blood glucose in diabetics over a 24 hour period

basal insulin

This dopamine replacement drug reduces tremor and improve movement quality in people with Parkinson disease; prolonged use leads to end of dose wearing off, increased off-states, and dyskinesias

levodopa-carbadopa (Sinimet)

This SNRI is used to treat ADHD; it is less effective than stimuant drugs such as Ritalin, but it also has less potential for abuse and sleep disturbance; it takes weeks for onset and up to 3 months for its full effect

atomoxetine (Strattera)

This drug treats MS by reducing a person's autoimmune response which helps to reduce MS exacerbations and brain lesion; it is an injectable product so its most common AE is injetion site reaction

glatiramir acetate

This oral MS drug reduces exacerbations and overall disease severity possibly through anti-inflammatory properties; GI issues are the most common AE

dimethyl fumarate

This dopamine agonist binds to dopamine receptors to help restore motor coordination in patients with Parkinson disease; may be used as a monotherapy for younger patients or adjunct therapy to reduce wearing off issue

ropinirole (Requip)

The MOA of this drug to treat multiple sclerosis is not well understood but it appears to impact immune function; it helps to reduce MS exacerbations and physical disabilty; primary AE is flu-like symptoms

interferon-beta

This cholinesterase inhibitor helps correct ACh deficiency in patients with Alzheimer disease; provides only modest benefits. GI issues are most common AE.

donepezil (Aricept)

This antispasmodic drug is meant for short-term maintenance of muscle spasms; AE include sedation and dizziness

cyclobenzaprine (Flexerol)

This class of antidepressants inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and NE; due to the many AEs including cardiac problems for overdose, they are not as frequently prescribed as other antidepressants

TCAs

This dopamine replacement drug increases dopamine levels by inhibiting monoamine oxidase B; risk of serotonin syndrome when combined with serotergic medications (ie, SSRIs)

MOA-B inhibitors

This dopamine replacement drug works by decreasing the breakdown of l-dopa by inhibiting COMT; used as an adjunct therapy to reduce wearing off effect

COMT inhibitor

This NMDA antagonist is used to treat Alzheimer disease; it can be used as a monotherapy or as an adjunct to cholisterase inhibitors; it can cause dizziness so monitoring for falls is critical for anyone on this drug

memantine (Namenda)

This drug treats spasticity by inhibiting the alpha motor neuron; since it is a CNS depressant, AEs include sedation, ataxia, and respiratory/cardiac depression; it can also cause muscle weakness and it can worsen cognitive function in populations who may already have impairments (older adults, brain-injured pts); if PO doesn't manage spasticity, an intrathecal pump can be used. There are significant and life-threatening consequences if this drug is stopped without being tapered

baclofen

This alpha-2 agonist is used to treat spasticity by reducing excitability of postsynaptic neurons; it is also used to treat hypertension; like other antispasmodics its AEs include sedation, drowsiness, dizziness

tizanidine

This antidepressant class inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and is often a first line treatment due to its efficacy; typical AEs include HA, GI upset, sexual dysfunction; include drugs like Celexa

SSRI

This drug is used to treat anxiety; it has no risk of abuse or physical dependence; since it takes up to 3 weeks to impact anxiety, benzodiazepines may be used as a bridge

buspirone (Buspar)

This drug class is commonly referred to as "benzos" and is used for acute anxiety; meant for short-term use due to its risk of psychological and physical dependence

benzodiazopines

These conventional antipsychotic drugs can treat schizophrenia; however, they have many neurologic AEs including extrapyramidal symptoms; Haldol is an example

FGA

This drug is used to treat bipolar disorder; it has many AEs including GI issues, weight gain, increased urination and thirst; it also has a high risk for toxicity even in therapeutic ranges; adequate hydration is KEY with this drug

Lithium

These atypical antipsychotics are used more often than FGA to treat schizophrenia due to decreased incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms; these drugs do have a high risk for metabolic dysfunction (glucose, lipid abnormalities and weight gain)

SGA

This antidepressant class is similar to the SSRI class except that is also inhibits reuptake of NE; because of its effectiveness it is often a first-line treatment; it has similar AEs to SSRIs including HA, nausea, sexual dysfunction

SNRI

These drugs have their effect by blocking glutamate and binding of NMDA receptor in order to treat seizures and bipolar disorder; have many AEs including neurotoxicity, weight gain, hypothyroidism and skin rash

anticonvulsant/antiseizure