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Pharmacology Exam 3 > Endocrine System Overview > Flashcards

Endocrine System Overview Flashcards

1
Q

The adrenal gland which is an endocrine gland is controlled by the __________

A

sympathetic nervous system

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2
Q

Stimulating the adrenal gland will release ______ and _________

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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3
Q

The nervous system meets the endocrine system at the __________-pituitary interface

A

hypothalmic

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4
Q

The hypothalamus is the main integrative system for the ________ and _______ nervous system

A

endocrine, autonomic

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5
Q

What are the 7 glands and their function.

A 
Hypothalamus:
-links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
Pituitary:
-secretes hormones into bloodstream, some of which affect other glands
Thyroid:
-produces hormones for metabolism
Parathyroid:
-produces PTH which raises blood calcium levels
Adrenal:
-triggers the fight-or-flight response
Pancreas:
-regulates blood sugar levels
Testis/Ovaries
-secretes sex hormones
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6
Q

Treatment of endocrine disorders is aimed at restoring the appropriate balance of _______ of dysfunctional glands in response to over or under function.

A

hormones

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7
Q

What can happen when the hypothalamus or pituitary is dysfunctional?

A

There can be multi-site dysfunction.

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8
Q

The anterior pituitary releases ____ to adrenals, ___ to the thyroid, and ___ to the testes/ovaries

A
  • ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  • TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
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9
Q

The feedback loop back to the pituitary functions to do what?

A

Stop the release of that certain hormone

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10
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Interface:
What do these hormones do to the pituitary?

  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone
  • Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
  • Gonadotropic-releasing hormone
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone
  • Prolactin-inhibitory factor
A
  • Increases GH release
  • Decreases GH release
  • Increases LH and FSH release
  • Increases TSH release
  • Increases ACTH release
  • Decreases Ph release
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11
Q

The pituitary gland works in conjuction with the _________ to regulate endocrine function

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A
  • GH
  • LH and FSH to gonads (testes/ovaries)
  • TSH to the thyroid
  • ACTH to the adrenal gland
  • Pr (prolactin) to tissue enabling production of milk
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13
Q

What does the posterior pituitary releases?

A
  • oxytocin which is important in childbirth

- ADH to the kidneys

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14
Q
  • Dysfunction in the pituitary gland will lead to disregulation in ________ growth.
  • If there is insufficent GH you will end up with what?
  • If there is too much GH you will end up with what?
A
  • somatic
  • hypopituitarism (dwarfism)
  • hyperpituitarism (gigantism) (acromegaly in adults)
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15
Q

Hypopituitarism can lead to:

  • short stature
  • ____glycemia
  • lethargy
  • gonodal failure
  • vision problems

What can happen if the posterior lobe is affected?

A
  • hypo

- diabetes insipidus (inbalance of water due to ADH deficiency)

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16
Q

What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly?

A

They both involve an excessive action of IGF-1 but acromegaly occurs after the growth plate cartilage fuses in adulthood.

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17
Q

The thyroid gland regulates _______ rate and secretes hormones __________, __________ and______

A
  • metabolic

- Thyroxine (T4),Triodothronine (T3), calcitonin

18
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) functions to increase ___ levels by taking it from _____, GI tract, and _______

A
  • Ca+

- bones, GI tract, and kidneys

19
Q

Hypoparathyroidism results in what?

This means hyperparathyroidism results in what?

A
  • hypocalcemia and thus osteoporosis

- hypercalcemia

20
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located and what are they responsible for?
What does the adrenal medulla release?
What does the cortex release?

A
  • Located on top of the kidneys and are responsible for the fight-or-flight response.
  • They release Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
  • mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids
21
Q

Aldosterone is involved with __ regulation

A

BP

22
Q

Adrenocortical hypofunction can result in what disease?

Adrenocortical hyperfunction can result in what disease?

A
  • Addison’s disease

- Cushing’s disease

23
Q

Gonads regulate ________ function and secondary sexual characteristics.

A

reproductive

24
Q

The hypothalamus releases GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone ) which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release what?

A

LH and FSH

25
Q

LH functions to do what?

A

Stimulate sex steroid production in gonads

26
Q

FSH is a major regulator of ______ production

A

gamete

27
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Producing digestion enzymes

28
Q

It also works as an endocrine gland by secreting what hormones?

A

insulin and glucagon

29
Q

Pancreas Islets of Langerhans:
-alpha cells: produce ______
-beta cells: produce _____
delta cells: produce ______

A
  • alpha cell produce glucagon in order to increase blood glucose (glycogenolysis)
  • beta cells produce insulin which lower blood glucose by facilitating blood glucose into cells metabolism
  • delta cells produce somatastatin which regulate the release of insulin and glocagon
30
Q

What can pancreas dysfunction lead to?
Type I is typically _______ onset, typically involved with an _______ insulin deficiency
Type II is traditionally _____ onset, involved in a _______ insulin deficiency

A
  • diabetes mellitus
  • juvenile, absolute
  • adult, variable
31
Q

Glucagon main function is to do what?

A

Mobilize glycogen stores in liver to increase blood glucose

32
Q

Insulin main function is to do what?

A

Stimulate transport of glucose from blood into muscle and fat

33
Q

Type I typically requires ______ while type II may need it.

A

Insulin

34
Q

A1C measures the percent of _______ hemoglobin.

What is the goal percentage of A1C?

A
  • glycated

- <7%

35
Q

Hormone chemistry:

  • Steroid hormones
    • derived from lipids such as __________
    • Ex: androgens, glucocorticoids
  • Peptide hormones
    • Sequences chain of ____ _____
    • Ex: pituitary hormones, hypothalamic releasing factors
  • Single amino acid
    • Modified from single amino acid
    • Ex: thyroid hormones (T3,T4) made from tyrosine
A
  • cholesterol

- amino acids

36
Q

Most hormones are synthesized within cells of _______ ______ and packages in storage granules.
_______ and ______ hormones are synthesized on demand (not stored)

A
  • endocrine gland

- thyroid and steroid

37
Q

Hormones can be released by _______ and _______ factors

A
  • extrinsic (pain, smell, fear)
  • intrinsic (humoral and neural factors)
    • hormone release occurs in response to another hormone
    • hormone release occurs from neural control
38
Q

Intrinsic feedback loops help maintain __________

A

homeostasis

39
Q

Negative feedback loop:

Increased release of hormone results in ________ of release

A

inhibition

40
Q

Exogenous glucocorticoids can suppress ____________ production

A

endogenous

41
Q

What are the clinical uses of endocrine drugs?

A
  • Replacement therapy
  • Diagnosis of endocrine disorders
  • Treatment of excessive endocrine function
  • Exploitation of beneficial hormone effects
  • Use of hormones to alter normal endocrine function
  • Use of hormones in nonendocrine disease

Pharmacology Exam 3 (10 decks)

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