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Epidemiology > Overview & Definitions > Flashcards

Overview & Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

The basis of Epidemiology

A

Populations

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2
Q

John Snow

A

Broad Street Pump
Cholera
Father of Epi

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3
Q

Epidemiology

A

Public health discipline that studies the distribution and determinants of disease in populations

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4
Q

Distribution

A

Spread

Who, when, where or person, place, time

Descriptive Epi

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5
Q

Determinants

A

Cause

Why, How

Analytic Epi

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6
Q

6 Core Functions of Epidemiology

A
  1. Public Health Surveillance
  2. Field Investigation
  3. Analytic Studies
  4. Evaluation
  5. Linkages
  6. Policy Development
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7
Q

Passive Surveillance

A

Healthcare System

I.e. Reporting diseases

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8
Q

Active Surveillance

A

Going into communities and searching for disease cases.

E.g. John Snow

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9
Q

Syndromic Surveillance

A

Predefined signs/systems of patient related to trackable diseases.

When multiple of a community are being treated for the same symptoms

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10
Q

Incubation (Induction)

A

Time between exposure and onset of disease

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11
Q

Latency Period

A

Time between onset of disease and disease detection (symptoms or diagnosis)

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12
Q

Case Definition

A

Set criteria used to define a disease for public health surveillance

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13
Q

Epidemic

A

Disease in excess of normal expectancy

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14
Q

Outbreak

A

An epidemic limited to a certain or localized increase of disease.

Also called cluster.

E.g. Disease occurring at a school

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15
Q

Endemic

A

An area where the occurrence of a disease is higher than normal for other places, but normal for that particular place

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16
Q

Emergency of International Concern

A

Endemic that alerts the world.. pre-pandemic

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17
Q

Pandemic

A

World-wide endemic

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18
Q

Epidemic Curve

A

Shows all 3 elements of descriptive epi.

I.e. Who, when and where

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19
Q

Incidence

A

New cases of disease

Aka: risk, attack rate

New cases/ people at risk

PROPORTION

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20
Q

Prevalence

A

Existing cases + New cases

PROPORTION

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21
Q

Cumulative Incidence

A

Incidence sum over multiple periods of time

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22
Q

Incidence Rate

A

New cases/ person-time at risk

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23
Q

Incidence Density

A

Sum of Incidence rates over multiple periods of time

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24
Q

Prevalence

A

Existing cases/population

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25
Point Prevalence
Prevalence at given period of time
26
Period Prevalence
Prevalence over a given period of time
27
Morbidity
Sickness or disease
28
Crude
Out of everybody OR Unadjusted
29
Mortality
Death
30
Crude Morbidity Rate
of persons with disease/# in population
31
Crude Mortality Rate
of deaths (all causes)/population
32
Cause-Specific Morbidity Rate
with cause specific disease/population
33
Cause Specific Mortality Rate
of cause specific deaths/population
34
Case-Fatality Rate
of cause specific deaths/# of disease cases
35
Case Specific Survival Rate
of cause-specific cases alive/# of cases of disease
36
Proportional Mortality Rate (PMR)
of cause specific deaths/total deaths in population
37
Live Birth-Rate
of live births/ 1000 population
38
Fertility Rate
of live births/ 1000 women of childbearing age
39
Neonatal Mortality Rate
of death in <28 days of ages/ 1000 live births
40
Postnatal Mortality Rate
of deaths > 28 days but <1 year/ 1000 live births
41
Infant Mortality Rate
of deaths in those <1 year / 1000 live births
42
Maternal Mortality Ratio
of female deaths related to pregnancy / live births divided by 100,000 OR ``` # of female deaths related to preg/#of live births = ... ... Times 100,000 ```
43
Infectivity
The ability to invade a host infected/ # at risk
44
Pathogenicity
The ability too cause clinical disease with clinical disease/# infected
45
Virulence (Case-Fatality Rate)
The ability to cause death of deaths/# with infectious disease
46
Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) Attributable Risk
Risk difference of outcome attributable to exposure difference between groups..
47
Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)
ARR/ R(unexposed)
48
Number Needed to Treat or Harm (NNT or NNH)
1/ARR in decimal form ALWAYS round up. Strive for NNT=1, NNH = infinity
49
Risk Ratio or Relative Risk (RR)
Ratio of risk from 2 different groups Risk of outcome in exposed/risk of outcome in non-exposed
50
Odds
Ratio Frequency of outcome occurring / not occurring Did/didn't, yes/no
51
Odds Ratio
ratio of odds from 2 different groups Odds of exposure in diseased/odds of exposure in non-diseased
52
Confounding
Lack of exchangeability The confounder has to be associated with both exposure and outcome. Has to be an independent relationship. Cannot be directly linked.
53
Crude Association / Unadjusted
Ignores all other characteristics and explanatory factors. Only looks at exposure and outcome.
54
Adjusted Ratio
Ration calculated with both the exposure and outcome compared to the 3rd variable.
55
Impact of Confounding
1. Magnitude: an association more or less extreme that true association 2. Direction: can produce an association in the opposite direction
56
Purpose of controlling for confounders
To get a more accurate estimate of the measure of association between exposure and outcome
57
Ways to Control Confounding
1. Study Design Stage Randomization Restriction Matching 2. Analysis of Data Stage Stratification (w/ weighting) Multivariate statistical analysis (regression analysis)
58
Randomization
Hopefully gives equal numbers of subjects with known confounders to each group. Strength: With sufficient sample size, will likely be successful. Stratified version more precisely assures equal-ness Weakness: Sample size may not be large enough No guarantee for all known and unknown confounders Only practical for interventional studies
59
Restriction
Participants are restricted to only subjects that do not have pre-specified confounder Strength: Straight forward, convenient, inexpensive Weakness: May affect ability to enroll subjects If not narrow enough, can allow other confounding effects Eliminates ability to evaluate varying levels of excluded factor Negatively affects EXTERNAL VALIDITY (Generalizability)
60
Matching
Subjects selected in pairs and equally distributed Strength: Intuitive, gives more analytic efficiency Weakness: Difficult to accomplish, time consuming, may be expensive Doesn't control for ant confounders other than those matched.
61
Stratification
Descriptive & Statistical analysis of data. Within various levels within the confounding variable Strength: Intuitive to some, straight forward and enhances understanding of data Weakness: Impractical for simultaneous control of multiple confounders
62
Multivariate Analysis
Statistical analysis of data by factoring out effects of confounding variables - mathematically Strength: Can simultaneously control for multiple confounding variables OR's can be obtained and interpreted in statistical regressions Weakness: Requires individuals to clearly understand data Can be time consuming for researcher
63
Effect Modification (Interaction)
A 3rd variable that modifies the magnitude of effect of a true association by varying it within different levels. Modifies the effect across the strata. (Levels/layers) If present, researcher must report the measures of association of each strata individually.

Epidemiology (12 decks)

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