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Epidemiology > Cross-Sectional Studies > Flashcards

Cross-Sectional Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Cross-Sectional Studies

A
  • Observational studies that capture health/disease and exposure status at the same time.

AKA Prevalence study

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2
Q

Why are cross-sectional studies so named?

A

Because information gathered represents what is occurring at a point in time or time-frame across a large population.

Acquired without regard to exposure or disease/outcome status

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3
Q

Who is selected for a cross-sectional study?

A

Entire population or a subset

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4
Q

What does a cross-sectional study focus on?

A
  • focuses simultaneously on disease & population characteristics, including exposures, health status,…
  • Seeks associations
  • Generates and tests hypotheses
  • by repetition in different time periods
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5
Q

What are the two cross-sectional approaches?

A
  • Collect data on each member of the population

- Take a sample of the population & draw inferences to the remainder

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6
Q

What is a probability sample?

A

Every element in the population has a known probability of being included in sample

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7
Q

What are some examples of probability sampling schemes?

A
  • Simple Random sampling
  • Systematic Random sampling
  • Stratified Simple Random sampling
  • Stratified Disproportionate Random sampling
  • Multi-Stage Random sampling
  • Cluster Multi-Stage Random sampling
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8
Q

Simple Random Sampling

A
  • Assign random sampling, then take randomly-selected number to get desired sample size
  • Assign random numbers, then sequentially-list numbers and take desired sample size from top of numbers
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9
Q

Systemic Random Sampling

A
  • Assign random numbers, then randomly sort the numbers, select the 1st or last number and then every Nth number from there
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10
Q

Stratified Simple Random Sampling

A

Stratify by desired characteristic, then use Simple Random sampling to select desired sample size

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11
Q

Stratified Disproportionate Random Sampling

A
  • disproportionately utilizes stratified sample when baseline population is not at the desired proportional percentage to the referent population
  • stratified sample ‘weighted’ to return sample population back to baseline pop
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12
Q

Multistage Random Sampling

A

Uses simple random sampling at multiple staged towards patient selection

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13
Q

Cluster Multistage Random Sampling

A

Same as multistage random sampling but all elements clustered together or selected for inclusion

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14
Q

Non-probability sampling schemes

A
  • Quasis-systematic or Convenience samples
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15
Q

Quasi-Systematic or Convenience samples

A

Decide on what fraction of population is to be samples and how they will be sampled.

Eg. All persons with last name A-H

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16
Q

What are the two common broad approaches to collection of study data/information?

A
  • questionnaires/surveys

- physical assessments

17
Q

What are the advantages of cross-sectional studies?

A
  • Quicker & easier for the researcher when using data already collected
  • Less expensive for researcher than any form of prospective study
  • Can be analyzed like a Case-Control or Cohort study
  • Useful for estimating prevalence rates
  • Useful for answering research questions about a myriad of exposure and diseases
18
Q

What are the disadvantages for Cross-Sectional Studies?

A
  • Prevalent cases may represent survivors
  • Difficult to generate incidence rates
  • Problems in determining temporal relationship of presumed cause & effect
19
Q

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

A

Assesses the health & nutritional status of adults & children

  • Combines interviews & physical examples
  • Interviews include demographic, socioeconomic, dietary, & health-related questions
  • Examination component consists of medical, dental, physiological measurements and lab tests
20
Q

National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)

A
  • Principle source of information on health of the civilian, non-institutionalized population
  • Data are collected through a personal household interview
  • Consists of a core set of questions that remain largely unchanged & a set of supplements used to respond to public health data need as they arise
21
Q

Ambulatory Health Care Data (NAMCS)

A
  • Provides reliable information about the provision and use of ambulatory medical care services in the US.
  • Based on a sample of visits to non-federal, office-based, physicians primarily engaged in direct patient care
22
Q

National Hospital Care Survey (NHCS)

A
  • A combined national survey designed to describe national patterns of healthcare delivery in non-federal hospital-based settings
23
Q

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

A
  • State-based system of telephone surveys that collects info on health risk behaviors, preventative health practices, and health care access primarily related to chronic disease and injury

Epidemiology (12 decks)

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