Epi Continued

Question 1

Risk

Answer 1

A Proportion

Probability of OUTCOME in individual group

Exposed or non-exposed

Aka: Incidence Risk

Question 2

Where are placebos always located?

Answer 2

The Denominator

Question 3

What must be equal to adequately and appropriately compare freq. b/w groups?

Answer 3

Population size

Time period

Question 4

Public Health Surveillance Purpose and Examples

Answer 4

Portray ongoing patterns of disease occurrence

Statistical Significance

E.g. Reportable Disease registry

Question 5

Field Investigation Purpose

Answer 5

Determines source of disease

Learn about history, clinical spectrum, descriptive epi and disease risk factors

Question 6

Analytic Studies Purpose

Answer 6

Advance the information generated by Descriptive epi Techniques

Use of a comparison group

Assessing situation from data

Question 7

Evaluation Purpose

Answer 7

Systematically and objectively determine relevance, effectiveness and impact activity

Question 8

Linkage Purpose

Answer 8

Collab/communicate with (link) to other public health and healthcare professionals

Question 9

Policy Development

Answer 9

Provides input, testimony, recommendation regarding disease control

Question 10

Determinants of Disease

Answer 10

Factors of susceptibility

Etiology/Cause of disease

Transmission modes

Elements that determine occurrence

Question 11

Natural History of Disease Timeline

Answer 11

1. Stage of Susceptibility - Exposure
2. Stage of subclinical disease - pathological, onset of disease
3. Stage of clinical disease - diagnosis
4. Stage of recovery or death

Question 12

Epi compares groups and events by…?

Answer 12

Counting (frequency)

Dividing

Comparing disease over time

Question 13

3 Aspects of study before declaring true association

Answer 13

1. Check for Confounding or Effect Modification
2. Check for Bias
3. Check for Statistical significance

Question 14

Compare and Contrast:

1. Case-Fatality Rate
2. Cause-Specific Mortality Rate
3. Proportional Mortality Rate

Answer 14

Can share the same numerator: # of cause specific deaths

Different denominators:

1. CFR: # of cases of disease
2. CSMR: # in population
3. PMR: # of total deaths

Question 15

Test for Confounding and Effect Modification

Answer 15

1. Calculate Crude
2. Calculate for all variables or strata
3. Compare Crude and Adjusted

If the RELATIVE difference is >15%, confounding or effect modification does occur.