overview and function of the cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

acts as a bulk flow system which transports things around the body

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2
Q

what are examples of things that the cardiovascular system transports around the body?

A
  • oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • nutrients
  • metabolites
  • hormones
  • heat
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3
Q

how is the cardiovascular system flexible?

A
  • pump can vary output
  • vessels can redirect blood
  • vessels can store blood
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4
Q

are pumps in the cardiovascular system in series or parallel and what does this mean?

A

series - output must be equal (left and right side of the heart)

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5
Q

are vascular beds in series or parallel, and what does this mean?

A

parallel - all tissues gets oxygenated blood and allows regional redirection of blood

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6
Q

are all vascular beds in parallel?

A

no, some are in series

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7
Q

what are examples of vascular beds that are in series?

A
  • hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
  • gut and the liver
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8
Q

why are some vascular beds in series?

A

allows blood to flow directly from one place to where it next needs to go, such as carrying nutrients from the gut to the liver

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9
Q

how should the percentage of cardiac output compare to the percentage of oxygen consumption?

A

they should be about the same

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10
Q

what are examples of organs where the cardiac output and oxygen consumption are not in balance?

A
  • kidneys (more cardiac output than oxygen consumption)
  • skin (more cardiac output than oxygen consumption)
  • ♡ (more oxygen consumption than cardiac output)
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11
Q

why do the kidneys receive a greater cardiac output than oxygen consumption?

A

they filter the blood

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12
Q

why does the skin receive a greater cardiac output than oxygen consumption?

A

thermoregulation, blood is sent there to cool it and maintain body temperature

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13
Q

why does the heart have a greater oxygen consumption than cardiac output?

A

each time it contracts it cuts of its own blood supply

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14
Q

how can blood be redirected during exercise?

A

altering the resistance of different vessels

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15
Q

what formula relates flow to pressure and resistance?

A
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16
Q

how is flow proportional to the difference in pressure?

A

directly proportional

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17
Q

how is flow proportional to the resistance?

A

inversely proportional

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18
Q

What is the formula to describe pressure difference?

A

mean arterial pressure - central venous pressure

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19
Q

what is resistance controlled by?

A

the radius of a vessel

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20
Q

what is the relationship between resistance and the radius of a vessel?

A

inversely proportional

resistance = to the radius to the power of 4

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21
Q

what happens to mean arterial pressure during exercise and why?

A

mean arterial pressure increases due to the heart pumping harder

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22
Q

what does increasing the mean arterial pressure do to the pressure difference between vessels?

A

increases it

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23
Q

how is blood directed during exercise?

A

changing the resistance of different vessels

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24
Q

what are examples of different vessles?

A
  • aorta
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
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25
Q

what are the 3 different kinds of arteries?

A
  • elastic
  • muscular
  • resistance
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26
Q

what kind of artery is the aorta?

A

elastic artery

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27
Q

what kind of artery are arteries?

A

muscular arteries

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28
Q

what kind or artery are arterioles?

A

resistance vessels

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29
Q

what are the characteristics of elastic arteries?

A
  • wide lumen
  • elastic wall
  • damp pressure variations
30
Q

what are characteristics of muscular arteries?

A
  • wide lumen
  • strong non-elastic wall
  • low resistance conduit
31
Q

what are characteristics of resistance vessels?

A
  • narrow lumen
  • thick contractile wall
  • control resistance and therefore flow
  • allow regional redirection of blood
32
Q

what kind of vessels are capillaries?

A

exchange vessels

33
Q

what are characteristics of exchange vessels?

A
  • narrow lumen
  • thin wall
34
Q

what kind of vessels are venules and veins?

A

capacitance vessels

35
Q

what are characteristics of capacitance vessels?

A
  • wide lumen
  • distensible wall
  • low resistance conduit
  • acts as reservoir
  • allows fractional distribution of blood between veins and the rest of circulation
36
Q

what does a vessels characteristics relate to?

A

its function

37
Q

what do thick walls allow?

A

greater pressure to be contained

38
Q

what do elastic walls allow?

A
  • to absorb more energy to stop blood pressure going too high once the heart beats
  • to release energy preventing it from going too low once the heart is relaxed
39
Q

how thick are the walls of the capillaries?

A

1 cell thick to allow diffusion to occur

40
Q

what does capillaries having a narrow lumen mean for their surface area to volume ratio?

A

high surface area to volume ratio

41
Q

what percentage of blood is in the veins and venules at any one time?

A

2/3

42
Q

What is A?

A

Pulmonary vein

43
Q

What is B?

A

Superior vena cava

44
Q

What is C?

A

Inteatrial septum

45
Q

What is D?

A

Right atrium

46
Q

What is E?

A

Right AV valve

47
Q

What is F?

A

Inferior vena cava

48
Q

What is G?

A

Right ventricle

49
Q

What is H?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves

50
Q

What is I?

A

Interventricular septum

51
Q

What is J?

A

Left AV valve

52
Q

What is K?

A

Left ventricle

53
Q

What is L?

A

Pulmonary trunk

54
Q

What is M?

A

pulmonary vein

55
Q

What is N?

A

left atrium

56
Q

What is O?

A

pulmonary artery

57
Q

what is the myocardium?

A

muscular tissue of the heart

58
Q

what is the atrium?

A

where blood returns to

59
Q

what does the septum do?

A

separates the 2 halves of the heart

60
Q

what is the ventricle?

A

chamber that ejects blood out of the heart

61
Q

where does the aorta carry blood from and to?

A

from the heart to systemic circulation

62
Q

what does the vena cava do?

A

returns blood to the heart from systemic circulation

63
Q

where does the pulmonary trunk carry blood from and to?

A

from the heart to the lungs

64
Q

where do the pulmonary veins carry blood from and to?

A

from the lungs to the heart

65
Q

what are the chordae tendinae?

A

thin chords that attach to AV valves to prevent them from turning inside out

66
Q

what are papillary muscle?

A

attached to chordae tendinae to maintain tension and support preventing the valves from turning inside out once the heart contracts

67
Q

how many pumps are in the heart?

A

2

68
Q

which wall of the heart is the thickest?

A

left ventricle due to pumping blood to the whole body, whereas the right is just to the lungs

69
Q

what do valves in the heart do?

A

prevent backflow of blood

70
Q

what are the 2 kinds of valves?

A

semi-lunar valves (SL)

atrioventricular valves (AV)

71
Q

what are the two semi-lunar (SL) valves?

A

aortic valve

pulmonary valve

72
Q

what are the two atrio-ventricular (AV) valves?

A

mitral valve

tricuspid valve