Anatomy of the CVS 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the cardiovascular system composed of?
A
Heart
Blood vessels
Lymphatics
2
Q
What are the different kinds of blood vessels?
A
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
3
Q
What is the heart?
A
Muscular pump
4
Q
What is the function of arteries?
A
Distribute blood from the heart
5
Q
What is the function of capillaries?
A
Exchange nutrients
6
Q
What is the function of veins?
A
Collect and return blood to the heart
7
Q
What is the function of lymphatics?
A
Collect and return blood to the heart
8
Q
Where is the heart located?
A
Middle mediastinum
9
Q
Where are blood vessels located?
A
Everywhere apart from cartilage
10
Q
Where are lymphatics located?
A
Everywhere apart from the brain and eyes
11
Q
What are the different parts of the mediastinum?
A
Superior mediastinum
Inferior mediastinum
Anterior mediastinum
Posterior mediastinum
Middle mediastinum
12
Q
Where is the superior mediastinum?
A
T4 to sternal angle and above, following, the first rib
13
Q
Where is the inferior mediastinum?
A
Everywhere below the superior mediastimum (below the first rib)
14
Q
Where is the anterior mediastinum?
A
In front of the heart
15
Q
Where is the posterior mediastinum?
A
Behind the heart
16
Q
What does the middle mediastinum contain?
A
The heart
17
Q
What are the 2 main circulations of the cardiovascular system?
A
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
18
Q
Where does pulmonary circulation go from?
A
Heart - lungs - heart
19
Q
Where does systemic circulation go from?
A
Heart - body - heart
20
Q
What additional circulations does the cardiovascular system contain?
A
Portal circulation
Lymphatic circulation
21
Q
What is the most important portal circulation?
A
Hepatic portal circulation
22
Q
What are portal systems?
A
Ones that begin in capillaries, narrows into a single channel (vein) and ends up in a different set of capillaries
23
Q
What are the great vessels of the heart?
A
Superior and inferior vena cava
Aorta (ascending, arch, descending)
Pulmonary veins (2 left and 2 right)
Pulmonary trunk going into right and left pulmonary artery
24
Q
What direction is the heart facing?
A
Directed towards the left
25
What are the consequences of the heart being directed towards the left?
Right side of the heart is facing anterior
Left side of the heart is facing posterior
26
What are the 3 parts of the aorta?
Ascending aorta
Aortic branch
Descending aorta
27
What does the ascending aorta supply?
Head and upper limbs
28
What does the descending aorta supply?
Abdomen and lower limbs
29
What vertebrae level is the aortic arch?
T4
30
What are the 3 vessels that the aortic arch braches into?
Bronchiocephalic artery (seperates into right common carotid and right subclavian artery)
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
31
What does the bronchiocephalic artery split into?
Right common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery
32
Which side of the aortic branch splits into the bronchiocephalic artery?
Right
33
Where is the apex of the heart?
Lowest part
34
What is seen in the anterior view of the heart?
Right atrium
Right ventricle
35
What is seen in the posterior view of the heart?
Left atrium
Left ventricle
36
Where is the base of the heart?
Opposite the apex (left atrium)
37
What chamber makes up the apex of the heart?
Left ventricle
38
What chamber makes the base of the heart?
Left atrium
39
Where does the apex of the heart lie?
Intecostal space 5 in the midclavicular line
40
What is A?
Right ventricle
41
What is B?
Right atrium
42
What is C?
Azygos vein
43
What is D?
Aorta
44
What is E?
Left atrium
45
What is F?
Right ventricle
46
What vertebrae does the heart lie between in recumbent position?
T5 and T8
47
What is the recumbent position?
Lying down
48
What is the surface anatomy of the apex?
5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line
49
Where is the base located?
Wholy posterior, lying in front of the oesophagus
50
How does the heart compare in children?
Higher in children
51
What is dextrocardia?
Heart faces the right instead of the left
52
What is it called when the heart faces the right instead of the left?
Dextrocardia
53
What happens to the vertabrae level of the heart when you stand up?
It changes
54
What is found anterior to the heart?
Sternum and costal cartilage 4-7
55
What is found posterior to the heart?
Oesophagus
Descending aorta
Thoracic vertebrae 5-8
56
What is found lateral to the heart?
Lungs
Phrenic nerves
57
What is found inferior to the heart?
Central tendon of diaphragm
58
What is the vertebrae level of the sternal angle?
T4
59
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
Endocardium
Myocardiam
Epicardium
60
What is found after the epicardial layer?
Pericardial cavity
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
61
What is A?
Endocardium
62
What is B?
Myocardium
63
What is C?
Pericardial cavity
64
What is D?
Fibrous pericardium
65
What is E?
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
66
What is F?
Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
67
What is the epicardium also known as?
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
68
What is the visercal layer of the serous pericardium also known as?
Epicardial cavity
69
What is the endocardium composed of?
Epithelium (simple squamous)
Basement membrane
Some connective tissue
70
What is the class of the epithelium of the endocardium?
Simple squamous
71
What does the endocardium form?
Valves
72
What layer forms valves?
Endocardium
73
What is the myocardium composed of?
Cardiac muscle
Branching fibres
Striated muscles, lots of mitochondria, single central nucleus
Rich capillary bed
74
What are characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Striated
Lots of mitochondria
Single central nucleus
75
What are myocytes connected by?
Intercalcated disks
76
What are myocytes?
Cell in cardiac muscle
77
Why are cardiac muscle bundles in different planes?
To close down chamber lumen during contraction
78
What is the epicardium composed of?
Connective tissue
Basement membrane
Epithelium
79
What is the class of the epithelium of the epicardial?
Simple squamous
80
What does the epicardium contain?
Main branches of coronary arteries
May be fatty
81
Where are the main branches of the coronary arteries contained?
Epicardium
82
What are the 4 heart chambers?
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
83
What is direction of blood flow controlled by?
Valves
84
What do valves do?
Control direction of blood flow
85
What is A?
Superior vena cava
86
What is B?
Inferior vena cava
87
What is C?
Right atrium
88
What is D?
Right ventricle
89
What is E?
Left ventricle
90
What is F?
Left atrium
91
What is G?
Left pulmonary veins
92
What is H?
Left pulmonary artery
93
What is I?
Aorta
94
What is J?
Right pulmonary artery
95
What is the right border of the heart?
Right atrium
96
What is the left border of the heart?
Left ventricle
97
What is the superior border?
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
98
What is the inferior border?
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
99
How do valves work?
Passively
100
What prevents valve failure?
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
101
What does the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles do?
Prevent valve failure (being turned inside out?
102
What are clinical abnormalities of valves?
Incompetence (widening)
Stenosis (narrowing)
103
What is incompetence of valves?
Widening
104
What is widening of valves called?
Incompetence
105
What is stenosis of valves?
Narrowing
106
What is narrowing of valves called?
Stenosis
107
What infection can affect valves?
Bacterial endocarditis
108
What are the valves connected to so when the heart contracts it spirals and twists?
Fibrous skeleton
109
What is the function of the fibrous skeleton?
When the heart contracts it spirals and twists
110
What valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve (right antrioventricular valve)
111
What valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary valve
112
What valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Mitral valve (left atrioventricular valve)
113
What valve is between the left ventricle and aorta?
Aortic valve
114
What is A?
Chordae tendinae
115
What is B?
Papillary muscles
116
What is the mitral valve also known as?
Bicuspid valve
117
What are the 2 antrio-ventricular (AV) valves?
Tricuspid valve
Mitral valve
118
What are the 2 semi-lunar (SL) valves?
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
119
What valves have 3 cusps?
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
Tricuspid valve
120
What valves have 2 cusps?
Mitral valve
121
What is A?
Tricuspid valve
122
What is B?
Pulmonary valve
123
What is C?
Aortic valve
124
What is D?
Mitral valve
125
What is the fibrous cardiac skeleton composed of?
Dense connective tissue
126
Where does the fibrous cardiac skeleton lie?
Plane between the atria and ventricles
127
What is the function of the fibrous cardiac skeleton?
Structural support
Electrical insulation
128
What does the fibrous cardiac skeleton provide support to?
Antrioventricular septum
Roots of the great vessels
Anchorage for valves
Myocytes/capillary network
129
What does the fibrous cardiac skeleton provide electrical insulation to?
Atria from ventricles
Myocardium from great vessels
130
What supplies the heart with blood?
Coronary arteries
131
What are the 2 main coronary arteries?
Right and left
132
When does the coronary arteries recieve blood?
During diastole
133
Where are the coronary arteries located?
Epicardium
134
Where does the coronary arteries get blood from?
Aorta (first branch of the aorta)
135
What happens in relation to the coronary artery at systole and diastole?
At systole openings in aortic sinuses shielded by aortic valve cusps
At diastole elastic recoil of aorta closed aortic valve and blood enters coronary arteries
136
137
What does blockage of the coronary arteries lead to?
Heart attack
138
What is the heart held in place by?
The great vessels within the fibrous pericardium
139
What are the attachments of the heart?
Central tendon of diaphragm
Sternum
Roots of great vessels
140
What is the movement of the heart like within its attachments?
It is free to move
141
Whats is the heart lined by?
Serous pericardium
142
What is the serous pericardium made of?
Epithelium
143
What is the serous pericardium composed of?
Visceral layer
Parietal layer
144
Which layer of the serous pericardium is in contract with the heart?
Visceral layer
145
What is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium also known as?
Epicardium
146
What layer of the serous pericardium is not in contact with the heart?
Parietal layer
147
What is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium bound to?
Fibrous pericardium
148
What does the continuous structure of the serous pericardium (visceral and parietal layers) allow?
Freedom of movement for the heart during the cardiac cycle
149
What does the serous pericardium secrete?
Pericardial fluid
150
What does pericardial fluid act as?
Lubricant
151
What secretes pericardial fluid?
Serous pericardium
