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02. Cardiovascular System > Overview and Function of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Overview and Function of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Act as a bulk flow system which transports things are the body

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2
Q

What are examples of things that the cardiovascular system transports around the body?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Metabolites

Hormones

Heat

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3
Q

How is the cardiovascular system flexible?

A

Pump can vary output

Vessels can redirect blood

Vessels can store blood

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4
Q

Are pumps in the cardiovascular system in series or parralel and what does this mean?

A

Series so output must be equal (left and right side of the heart)

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5
Q

Are vascular beds in series or parralel, and what does this mean?

A

Parralel which means all tissues gets oxygenated blood and allows regional redirection of blood

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6
Q

Are all vascular beds in parralel?

A

No, some are in series

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7
Q

What are examples of vascular beds that are in series?

A

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Gut and the liver

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8
Q

Why are some vascular beds in series?

A

Allows blood to flow directly from one place to where it next needs to go, such as carrying nutrients from the gut to the liver

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9
Q

How should the percentage of cardiac out use compare to the percentage of oxygen consumption?

A

They should be about the same

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10
Q

What are examples of organs where the cardiac output and oxygen consumption are not in balance?

A

Kidneys (more cardiac output than oxygen consumption)

Skin (more cardiac output than oxygen consumption)

Heart (more oxygen consumption than cardiac output)

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11
Q

Why do the kidneys recieve a greater cardiac output than oxygen consumption?

A

They filter the blood

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12
Q

Why does the skin recieve a greater cardiac output than oxygen consumption?

A

Thermoregulation, blood is sent there to cool it and maintain body temperature

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13
Q

Why does the heart have a greater oxygen consumption than cardiac out?

A

Each time it contracts it cuts of its own blood supply

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14
Q

How can blood be redirected during exercise?

A

Altering the resistance of different vessels

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15
Q

What formula relates flow to pressure and resistance?

A
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16
Q

How is flow proportional to the difference in pressure?

A

Directly proportional

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17
Q

How is flow proportional to the resistance?

A

Inversely proportional

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18
Q

What is the formula to describe pressure difference?

A

Mean arterial pressure - central venous pressure

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19
Q

What is resistance controlled by?

A

The radius of a vessel

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20
Q

What is the relationship between resistance and the radius of a vessel?

A

Inversely proportional to the radius to the power of 4

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21
Q

What happens to mean arterial pressure during exercise and why?

A

Mean arterial pressure increases due to the heart pumping harder

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22
Q

What does increasing the mean arterial pressure do to the pressure difference between vessels?

A

Increases it

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23
Q

How is blood directed during exercise?

A

Changing the resistance of different vessels

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24
Q

What are examples of different vessles?

A

Aorta

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

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25
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of arteries?

A

Elastic

Muscular

Resistance

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26
Q

What kind of artery is the aorta?

A

Elastic artery

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27
Q

What kind of artery are arteries?

A

Muscular arteries

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28
Q

What kind or artery are arterioles?

A

Resistance vessels

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic arteries?

A

Wide lumen

Elastic wall

Damp pressure variations

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30
Q

What are characteristics of muscular arteries?

A

Wide lumen

Strong non-elastic wall

Low resistance conduit

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31
Q

What are characteristics of resistance vessels?

A

Narrow lumen

Thick contractile wall

Control resistance and therefore flow

Allow regional redirection of blood

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32
Q

What kind of vessels are capillaries?

A

Exchange vessels

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33
Q

What are characteristics of exchange vessels?

A

Narrow lumen

Thin wall

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34
Q

What kind of vessels are venules and veins?

A

Capacitance vessels

35
Q

What are characteristics of capacitance vessels?

A

Wide lumen

Distensible wall

Low resistance conduit

Acts as reservoir

Allows fractional distribution of blood between veins and the rest of circulation

36
Q

What does a vessels characteristics relate to?

A

Its function

37
Q

What do thick walls allow?

A

Greater pressure to be contained

38
Q

What do elastic walls allow?

A

More energy to be absorbed to stop blood pressure going to high once the heart beats, and to release energy preventing it from going to low once the heart is relaxed

39
Q

How thick are the walls of the capillaries?

A

1 cell thick

40
Q

Why are the walls of capillaries 1 cell thick?

A

To allow diffusion to occur

41
Q

What does capillaries having a narrow lumen mean fore their surface area to volume ratio?

A

High surface area to volume ratio

42
Q

What percentage of blood is in the veins and venules at any one time?

A

2/3

43
Q

What is A?

A

Pulmonary vein

44
Q

What is B?

A

Superior vena cava

45
Q

What is C?

A

Inteatrial septum

46
Q

What is D?

A

Right atrium

47
Q

What is E?

A

Right AV valve

48
Q

What is F?

A

Inferior vena cava

49
Q

What is G?

A

Right ventricle

50
Q

What is H?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves

51
Q

What is I?

A

Interventricular septum

52
Q

What is J?

A

Left AV valve

53
Q

What is K?

A

Left ventricle

54
Q

What is L?

A

Pulmonary trunk

55
Q

What is M?

A

Left atrium

56
Q

What is N?

A

Pulmonary artery

57
Q

What is O?

A

Aorta

58
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Muscular tissue of the heart

59
Q

What is the muscular tissue of the heart called?

A

Myocardium

60
Q

What is the atrium?

A

Where blood returns to

61
Q

What is the bit of the heart where the blood returns to called?

A

Atrium

62
Q

What seperates the two halves of the heart?

A

Septum

63
Q

What does the septum do?

A

Seperates the 2 halves of the heart

64
Q

What is the ventricle?

A

Chamber that ejects blood out of the heart

65
Q

What ejects blood out of the heart?

A

Ventricle

66
Q

Where does the aorta carry blood from and to?

A

From the heart to systemic circulation

67
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

Returns blood to the heart from systemic circulation

68
Q

What returns blood to the heart from systemic circulation

A

vena cava

69
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk carry blood from and to?

A

From the heart to the lungs

70
Q

What carries blood from the heart to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary trunk

71
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins carry blood from and to?

A

From the lungs to the heart

72
Q

What carries blood from the lungs to the heart

A

pulmonary vein

73
Q

What are the chordae tendinae?

A

Thin chords that attach to AV valves to prevent them from turning inside out

74
Q

What are the thin chords that attach to AV valves to prevent them from turning inside out called?

A

Chordae tendinae

75
Q

What are papillary muscle?

A

Attached to chordae tendinae to maintain tension and support preventing the valves from turning inside out once the heart contracts

76
Q

What is attached to the chordae tendinae to provide tension and support?

A

Papillary muscles

77
Q

How many pumps are in the heart?

A

2

78
Q

Which wall of the heart is the thickest?

A

Left ventricle due to pumping blood to the whole body, whereas the right is just to the lungs

79
Q

What do valves in the heart do?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

80
Q

What are the 2 kinds of valves?

A

Semi-lunar valves (SL)

Atrioventricular valves (AV)

81
Q

What are the two semi-lunar (SL) valves?

A

Aortic valve

Pulmonary valve

82
Q

What does SL stand up for?

A

Sem-lunar

83
Q

What are the two atrio-ventricular (AV) valves?

A

Mitral valve

Tricuspid valve

02. Cardiovascular System (72 decks)

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