Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

02. Cardiovascular System > Atherosclerosis : Treatment of Hypertension > Flashcards

Atherosclerosis : Treatment of Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What is the definition of stage 1 hypertension?</p>

A

<p>•Clinic blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher</p>

<p>•ABPM daytime average 135/85 mmHg or higher.</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

<p>What is stage 2 hypertension?</p>

A

<p>•Clinic blood pressure is 160/100 mmHg or higher</p>

<p>ABPM daytime average 150/95 mmHg or higher</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

<p>What is severe hypertension?</p>

A

<p>•Clinic systolic blood pressure is 180 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure is 110 mmHg or higher.</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

<p>How does blood pressure change in the night time?</p>

A

<p>Dips -Loss of nocturnal dip in blood pressure has massive health consequences</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

<p>How do you assess risk of hypertensive patients?</p>

A

<p>–Previous MI, stroke, IHD</p>

<p>–Smoking</p>

<p>–Diabetes mellitus</p>

<p>–Hypercholesterolaemia</p>

<p>–Family history</p>

<p>–Physical Examination</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

<p>How can you assess end organ damage of left ventricular hypertrophy?</p>

A

<p>ECG andachocardiogram</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

<p>How do you measure kidney function for end organ damage?</p>

A

<p>Renal ultrasound</p>

<p>eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate)</p>

<p>Proteinuria</p>

<p>the presence of abnormal quantities of protein in the urine, which may indicate damage to the kidneys.</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

<p>What are the common treatable causes of hypertension?</p>

A

<p>Renal artery stenosis / fibromuscular dysplasia</p>

<p>Chushings disease (Cushing's syndrome is caused by either excessive cortisol-like medication such asprednisoneor atumorthat either produces or results in the production of excessive cortisol by theadrenal glands.[5]Cases due to apituitary adenomaare known asCushing's disease.)</p>

<p>Conn's disease (excess production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in low renin levels. Often it produces few symptoms. Most people have high blood pressure which may cause poor vision or headaches)</p>

<p>Sleep apnoea</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

<p>What is effective treatment for reducing left ventricular mass?</p>

A

<p>ACE or ARB</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

<p>How does hypertension change with age?</p>

A

<p>Gets worse</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

<p>What is the target blood pressure according to BHS?</p>

A

<p>•< 135/80-85 mmHg</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

<p>When does treatment for hypertension usually start?</p>

A

<p>When there is a CVD risk of 20% / 10 years</p>

<p>•(where there is no end organ damage, stage 1 hypertension)</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

<p>What are the reasons for treating hypertension?</p>

A

<p>–reduce cerebrovascular disease by 40-50%</p>

<p>–reduce MI by 16-30%</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

<p>What is the format of treatment of hypertensives?</p>

A

<p>Stepped approach -</p>

<p>–introduce one drug, then a second then a third – uses a dose less than maximum dose – minimises max dose use so less side effects</p>

<p>–use low doses of several drugs</p>

<p>–This approach minimises adverse events and maximises patient compliance</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

<p>What are the differences in renin between the young and the old?</p>

A

<p>Young - high renin</p>

<p>Old - low renin</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

<p>What type of drugs do you give to young vs Elderly (over 55)</p>

A

<p>Young - ACE inhibitor / ARB - although these are teratogenic</p>

<p>Elderly - Calcium channel blocker</p>

<p>- Thiazide type diuretic</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

<p>When should we start giving treatment to patients over 80 years old?</p>

A

<p>•ABPM >135/85 with one or more of the following:</p>

<p>–target organ damage</p>

<p>–established cardiovascular disease</p>

<p>–renal disease</p>

<p>–diabetes</p>

<p>–a 10-year cardiovascular risk equivalent to 20% or greater.</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

<p>When do we give treatment to people who have stage 2 hypertension?</p>

A

<p>Offer antihypertensive drug treatment to people of any age with stage 2 hypertension</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

<p>What should you do for patients under 40 years with stage 1 hypertension or greater?</p>

A

<p>Always refer if younger than 40 – usually due to lifestyle like alcohol and cocaine</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

<p>How does treatment for patients who are 55-80 years differ for patients who are over 80 years old?</p>

A

<p>Same treatment taking into account co-morbidities - blood pressure target is however different- (•<145/85)</p>

<p>Drugs reduce blood pressure – end up falling over – don’t try and achieve the same amount of control. Falling over can really affect confidence of old people.</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

<p>What would you suggest for people identified as having 'white coat effect'?</p>

A

<p>ABPM / HBPM - measures blood pressure and monitors effect of antihypertensive drugs or lifestyle changes</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

<p>What is step 1 treatment for a patient under 55 years?</p>

A

<p>ACEI or ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker)</p>

<p></p>

<p>Not if afro carribean or woman of child bearing age</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

<p>Why can't you give an afrocarribean or woman of child bearing age ACEI or ARB?</p>

A

<p>–Afro- Caribbean – low renin hypertension – ace inhibitor and ARB’s are less effective and more expensive. They are more susceptible to angle oedema? Can be life threatening</p>

<p>–Women of child baring age - teratogenic</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

<p>What is step 2 treatment?</p>

A

<p>Add thiazide - type diuretic such as clortalidone or indapamide to CCB or ACEI/ARB</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

<p>What is step 3 treatment?</p>

A

<p>–Add CCB, ACEI, Diuretic together</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

<p>What is step 4 treatment?</p>

A

<p>Further diuretic therapy - low dose spironolactone (spyro - no - lactonoe) can only use in people with low potassium-•caution in people with a reduced estimated GFR because they have an increased risk of hyperkalaemia.</p>

<p>–Consider higher-dose thiazide-like diuretic treatment if the blood potassium level is higher than 4.5 mmol/l.</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

<p>What is the effect of a thiazide like diuretic?</p>

A

<p>Acts on the nephron at the proximal part of the distal tubule. Transfer of sodium and water across the membranes is interrupted - increasing sodium excretion and urine volume - reduction in blood volume.</p>

<p></p>

<p>ALSO</p>

<p></p>

<p>In the long-term, the major haemodynamic effect is a reduction in peripheral resistance due to subtle alterations in the contractile responses of vascular smooth muscle.</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

<p>If over 55 years?</p>

A

<p>A calcium channel blocker instead of ACEI/ARB</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

<p>Give examples of ACEI</p>

A

<p>Rampril and perindopril</p>

<p>•Competitively inhibit the actions of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)</p>

30
Q

What is the function of angiotensin 2?

A
31
Q

<p>What is a common side effect of an ACE I?</p>

A

<p>Cough</p>

32
Q

<p>What is the end organ damage associated with the heart caused by angiotensin 2?</p>

A

<p>Left ventricular hypertrophy</p>

<p>Fibrosis</p>

<p>Remodelling</p>

<p>Apoptosis</p>

33
Q

How does angiotensin 2 play an essential role in end organ damage in the brain and blood vessels?

A
34
Q

What is the end organ damage associated with the kidneys caused by angiotensin 2?

A
35
Q

<p>What are contraindications of ACEI?</p>

A

<p>–Renal artery stenosis</p>

<p>–Renal failure</p>

<p>–Hyperkalaemia</p>

36
Q

<p>What are the adverse drug reactions?</p>

A

<p>Cough</p>

<p>First dose hypotension</p>

<p>Taste disturbance</p>

<p>Renal impairement</p>

<p>Angioneurotic oedema (rapid swelling (edema) of the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, mucosa and submucosal tissues)</p>

37
Q

<p>What are the relevant drug drug interactinos for ACEi?</p>

A

<p>•NSAIDs</p>

<p>–Precipitate acute renal failure</p>

<p>•Potassium supplements</p>

<p>–Hyperkalaemia</p>

<p>•Potassium sparing diuretics</p>

<p>–Hyperkalaemia</p>

38
Q

<p>What is conn's syndrome?</p>

A

<p>Having too much aldosterone - renin levels are reduced. Features hypertension as symptom. Causes are increaed size of adrenal glands where aldosterone is produced or adenoma.Other uncommon causes includeadrenal cancerand aninheriteddisorder calledfamilial hyperaldosteronism</p>

39
Q

<p>Give examples of angiotensin 2 antagonists (ARB)</p>

A

<p>•LOSARTAN, VALSARTAN, CANDESARTAN, IRBESARTAN</p>

40
Q

<p>What receptor do ARB's block?</p>

A

<p>•angiotensin II antagonists competitively block the actions of angiotensin II at the angiotensin AT1 receptor</p>

41
Q

<p>What is the advantage of ABR's over ACEI's?</p>

A

<p>No cough</p>

42
Q

<p>What are the two types of calcium channel blocker?</p>

A

<p>Vasodilator</p>

<p>Rate limiting</p>

43
Q

<p>What are two examples of vasodilator caclium channel blockers?</p>

A

<p>Amlodipine/Felodipine</p>

44
Q

<p>What are two examples of rate limiting calcium channel blockers?</p>

A

<p>Verapamil/Diltiazem</p>

45
Q

<p>How do CCB's work?</p>

A

<p>–<strong>blocking the L type calcium channels</strong>(voltage type) (responsible fornon-pacemaker action potential and pace maker cells - but not pace maker potential (pre-potential) which is down to the T calcium channels.</p>

<p>–<strong>selectivity between vascular and cardiac L type channels</strong></p>

<p>–<strong>relaxing large and small arteries and reducing peripheral resistance</strong></p>

<p>–<strong>reducing cardiac output</strong></p>

46
Q

<p>What are vasodilating CCB's the antihypertensive choice for?</p>

A

<p>–over 55years.</p>

<p>–women of child baring age</p>

<p>Compliance is high,</p>

<p>Benefit in the elderly patient with systolic</p>

<p>Hypertension</p>

<p>Rarely cause postural hypotension</p>

47
Q

<p>What are contraindications for CCB's?</p>

A

<p>Acute MI</p>

<p>Heart Failure, bradycardia (rate limiting CCB's)</p>

48
Q

<p>What are the adverse drug reactions for CCB's?</p>

A

<p>–Flushing</p>

<p>–Headache</p>

<p>–Ankle oedema</p>

<p>–Indigestion and reflux oesophagitis</p>

49
Q

<p>What are the side effects of rate limiting calcium channel blockers?</p>

A

<p>–Bradycardia</p>

<p>–Constipation</p>

50
Q

<p>What are common thiazide type diuretics?</p>

A

<p>Indapamide, Clortalidone</p>

51
Q

<p>Who are thiazide type diuretics commonly the first line treatment for?</p>

A

<p>Commonly the first line treatment in mild-moderate hypertension in Afro-Caribbean</p>

52
Q

<p>Can thiazides be used in combination with any other antihypertensive agents?</p>

A

<p>Yes all</p>

53
Q

<p>Thiazide type diretics</p>

A

<p>•Proven benefit in stoke and myocardial infarction reduction</p>

54
Q

<p>What are the adverse drug reactions for thiazide type diuretics?</p>

A

<p>–Adverse drug reactions are not common but include gout and impotence.</p>

55
Q

<p>What are the less commonly used agents?</p>

A

<p>•Alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists</p>

<p>–Doxazosin</p>

<p>•Centrally acting agents</p>

<p>–Methyldopa</p>

<p>–Moxonidine</p>

<p>•Vasodilators</p>

<p>–Hydralazine</p>

<p>–Minoxidil</p>

56
Q

<p>What might you prescribe to young people who can't tolerate other drugs?</p>

A

<p>Doxazosin</p>

57
Q

<p>What is the mechanism of doxazosin?</p>

A

<p>–Selectively block post synaptic a1-adrenoceptors</p>

<p>–Oppose vascular smooth muscle contraction in arteries – causes dilation</p>

<p></p>

<p>IT IS ANAlpha-adrenoceptor antagonists</p>

58
Q

<p>What are the adverse reactions of doxazosin (an Alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists)?</p>

A

<p>–First dose hypotension</p>

<p>–Dizziness</p>

<p>–Dry mouth</p>

<p>–Headache</p>

59
Q

<p>What might you prescrive to a pregnant woman?</p>

A

<p>Methyldopa - cantrally acting agent</p>

60
Q

<p>What is the mechanism for methyldopa?</p>

A

<p>•Converted to a-methylnoradrenaline which acts on CNS a adrenoceptors which decrease central sympathetic outflow</p>

61
Q

<p>What are the adverse drug reactions for methyldopa?</p>

A

<p>–Sedation and drowsiness</p>

<p>–Dry mouth and nasal congestion</p>

<p>–Orthostatic hypotension</p>

62
Q

<p>Give an example of a centrally acting imidazoline agonist</p>

A

<p>Moxonidine</p>

63
Q

Common treatment regime

A
64
Q

Standard regime for female or child

A
65
Q

<p>Second most common cause of maternal and fetal death?</p>

A

<p>Hypertension during pregnancy</p>

66
Q

<p>What is a common risk factor for preeclampsia?</p>

A

<p>•existing Primary Hypertension</p>

67
Q

<p>How does blood pressure change during normal pregnancy?</p>

A

<p>Falls</p>

68
Q

<p>What is the likely cause of hypertension brought on during pregnancy where there is no proteinuria?</p>

A

<p>–Gestational Hypertension.</p>

69
Q

<p>What is the likely cause of hypertension brought on during pregnancy where there <u><strong>is</strong></u> proteinuria?</p>

A

<p>Preeclampsia</p>

70
Q

<p>What are the recommended drugs for pregnant women?</p>

A

<p>–Not ACE or ARB</p>

<p><strong>–Nifedipine MR </strong>(modified release) - immediate release is bad</p>

<p><strong>Methyl dopa</strong>,</p>

<p><strong>Atenolol</strong>(beta blocker) (not liscensed but doesn’t have a high first pass metabolism),</p>

<p><strong>Labetalol</strong> (undergoes major first pass metaabolism – metabolism can be really high in pregnant women – so dose can be massive – poor prediction of blood pressure)</p>

<p>•During Pregnancy</p>

<p>–add thiazide diuretic and/or amlodipine.</p>

71
Q

<p>What are the medications for preeclampsia?</p>

A

<p>•intravenous <strong>esmolol</strong>, <strong>labetalol</strong>, <strong>hydralazine </strong>(last two are beta blockers)</p>

02. Cardiovascular System (72 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions