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Year 2 CR > Overview 2 > Flashcards

Overview 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four paranasal air sinuses?

A

Ethmoid
Frontal
Sphenoid
Maxillary

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2
Q

Three functions of paranasal air sinuses are?

A

Humidify the air
Lighten the weight of the skull
Enhance resonance

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3
Q

Which paranasal air sinus is the most superiorly located?

A

Frontal sinus

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4
Q

Which paranasal air sinus is the most inferiorly located?

A

Maxillary sinus

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5
Q

Which paranasal air sinus is the most posteriorly located?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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6
Q

Which paranasal air sinus is just medial to the eyes?

A

Ethmoid sinus

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7
Q

Which paranasal air sinus is just lateral to the nose?

A

Maxillary sinus

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8
Q

Which paranasal air sinus is superior to the eyes?

A

Frontal

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9
Q

Which sinus cannot be seen in the coronal view and why?

A

Sphenoid sinus - most superiorly located

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10
Q

What is the ethmoid sinus known as?

A

Ethmoid air cells

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11
Q

What are the two main arteries that supply the nose (origins)?

A

External carotid artery

Internal carotid artery

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12
Q

What is the blood supply to the nose from the internal carotid artery?

A

Opthalmic artery

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13
Q

What are the five arteries that supply the nose?

A 
Anterior ethmoidal artery
Posterior ethmoidal artery
Sphenopalatine artery
Greater palatine artery
Septal branch of the superior labial artery
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14
Q

What are the three main arteries that provide the blood supply to the nose?

A

Opthalmic artery x2
Maxillary artery x2
Facial artery x1

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15
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Nose bleed

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16
Q

Majority of epistaxis is anterior or posterior? and what percentage?

A

Anterior - 90%

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17
Q

Posterior nose bleeds are more common in whom? x2

A

Elderly

Those with clotting disturbance

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18
Q

Most common cause of epistaxis?

A

Kisselbach’s plexus

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19
Q

What is sinusitis? Which sinus is affected?

A

Inflammation in the maxillary sinus

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20
Q

Consequence of sinusitis?

A

Inflammation can cause swelling and this can then block drainage of the sinuses

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21
Q

Which sinus is very closely associated with the pituitary gland?

A

Sphenoidal air sinus

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22
Q

First line treatment for sinusitis is?

A

Vasoconstrictors to reduce blood flow - reduces swelling

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23
Q

Second line treatment for sinusitis and inidications for this?

A

Antibiotics

If sinusitis is bad with a high fever

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24
Q

What is at the midline of the oral cavity?

A

Uvula

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25
Q

What is lateral to the uvula on both sides?

A

Tonsils

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26
Q

What are the two arches of the oral cavity?

A

Palatoglossal arch

Palatopharyngeal arch

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27
Q

Where are the arches of teh oral cavity in relation to each other?

A

Palatoglossal - more anteriorly located

Palatopharyngeal - more posteriorly located

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28
Q

Where does the frontal sinus exit into the nasopharynx?

A

Into the middle conchae

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29
Q

Where does the ehtmoid sinus exit into the nasopharynx?

A

Directly into the posteiror wall of the nasopharynx

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30
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus exit into the nasopharynx?

A

Into the middle conchae

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31
Q

What is the Kisselbach area?

A

This is where five facial arteries anastomose in the nose

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32
Q

What is the significance of Kisselbach area?

A

Trauma here can result in epistaxis

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33
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

A

Four tonsils in the mouth organised into a ring

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34
Q

What are the four tonsils of Waldeye’s ring?

A 
Superior to inferior:
Adenoid tonsil
Tubal tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil
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35
Q

When is treatment required for tonsillitis?

A

When very severe - antibiotics

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36
Q

Indication for tonsil removal?

A

When very very very severe

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37
Q

Adverse effect of removal of tonsils?

A

Post tonsillectomy bleeding - very vascular region

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38
Q

Fatal complication of tonislitis is? (rare)

A

Quinsy - abscess formation in the peritonsilar space

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39
Q

Three components of the pharynx are?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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40
Q

Innervation to the pharynx is?

A

Sensory - glossopharyngeal IX

Motor - vagus X

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41
Q

Most superior bone of the larynx is?

A

Hyoid bone

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42
Q

Which cartilage ring is the only one that goes all the way around the trachea?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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43
Q

Which level is the cricoid cartilage at?

A

C6

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44
Q

Which level is the hyoid bone at?

A

C3

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45
Q

Laryngeal prominence formed by which cartilage?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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46
Q

Potential space located in the neck is called?

A

Retro-pharyngeal pouch

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47
Q

When can the potential space of the neck become a real space?

Name?

A

Infection of the larynx

Retro-pharyngeal pouch

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48
Q

Relation of vocal fold and vestibular fold

A

Vocal fold - more medial

Vestibular fold - more laterally located

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49
Q

Function of primary cricothyroid tensor muscles?

A

Increases the length and tension of the vocal folds

Increases the pitch of the voice

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50
Q

Central to the vocal folds is?

A

Rima glottidis

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51
Q

Function of the internal laryngeal nerve?

A

Sensation - cough reflex

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52
Q

Function of the external laryngeal nerve?

A

Motor to the cricothyroid muscles - increase the pitch of voice

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53
Q

Function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Motor to all intrinsic muscles apart from cricothyroid muscle
Sensory below vocal folds

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54
Q

Innervation to the cricothyroid muscle is?

A

External laryngeal nerve (from superior laryngeal nerve)

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55
Q

Innervation to all motor muscles of larynx is? Apart from?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Apart from the cricothyroid muscle

56
Q

What is the nerve of phonation?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

57
Q

What is the nerve of pitch?

A

External laryngeal nerve - cricothyroid muslce

58
Q

Nerve sensory to the larynx is?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

59
Q

Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve presents as?

A

Hoarseness of voice

60
Q

Damage to the superior laryngeal nerve presents as?

A

Loss of choking

Monotonous

61
Q

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under what?

A

Aorta

62
Q

Right recurrent laryngeal loops under what?

A

Right subclavian artery

63
Q

What can you look for in relation to the sphenoidal sinus to determine which sinus is the sphenoidal sinus?

A

The sella turcica - this has a very close relation to the sphenoidal air sinus

64
Q

What is just posterior to the thyroid cartilage?

A

The vocal folds and the rima glottidis

65
Q

Aschoff bodies are found in which layer of the heart?

A

Epicardium

66
Q

Atheroma develops in which layer of the heart?

A

Tunica intima

67
Q

How can you recognise an infarct region on a heart?

A

This region will appear bright red

68
Q

Tissue at the centre of heart valves is?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

69
Q

Cells at the edge of heart valves are?

A

Endothelial cells

70
Q

In venous valves, what is the direct of normal blood flow?

A

Right to left

71
Q

Pericarditis occurs where on the heart?

A

Over the pericardium - outer layer casing the heart

72
Q

Endocarditis will be seen where on the heart?

A

Within the heart on the edge of the valve cusps

73
Q

Myocarditis will form where on the heart and how can this be recognised?

A

Forms at the myocardium layer

Aschoff bodies will be present

74
Q

What is pancarditis?

A

This is when pericarditis, endocarditis and myocarditis are all present at the heart

75
Q

Aschoff bodies are composed of what two cells?

A

Epitheloid macrophages

Lymphocytes

76
Q

Myocardial infarct histology - the older the infarct, what colour will it appear?

A

The older the infarct, it will appear pinker

77
Q

Myocardial infarct - what cells infiltrate the infarcted region?

A

Neutrophils

78
Q

Myocardial infarct - the muscle is replaced by what tissue type?

A

Granulation tissue

79
Q

Myocardial infarct region is at it’s weakest/most likely to rupture when?

A

Between 5-10 days post infarct

80
Q

What tissue replaces the granulation tissue of myocardial infarct?

A

Collagen tissue - forms consolidated scar

81
Q

Epithelium in the trachea and most respiratory airways is?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

82
Q

Epithelium in the bronchioles is?

A

Simple columnar

83
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Change in tissue type from one mature type to another

84
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Lack of differentiation and loss of mature cells of tissue type

85
Q

Psuedostratified columnar epithelium - what is secreted and by what cells?

A

Mucous secreted by goblet cells

86
Q

Metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium can occur due to?

A

Presence of irritants e.g. cigarette smoke

87
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung usually occurs after what has happened?

A

Metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium

88
Q

Two types of lung carcinoma are?

Which is malignant

A

Small cell - malignant

Non-small cell

89
Q

TB in lung will typically be contained in what?

A

Caseous granuloma

90
Q

Caseous granuloma of TB is surrounded by what two layers of cells?

A

Epitheloid macrophages

These are then surrounded by lymphocytes

91
Q

What are Langerhans giant cells?

A

Fused epitheloid macrophages surrounding caseous granuloma

92
Q

Later stage of TB - what cells are activated and why?

A

Fibroblasts are activated to lay down collagen to case off the granuloma

93
Q

Three cells involved with presence of TB in the lungs?

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Fibroblasts

94
Q

Why and when does the tubercle wall of TB thicken?

A

When the fibroblasts lay down the collagen and case off the TB

95
Q

Primary TB - the lesions are located where on the lung and what is this called?

A

Gohn focus - middle lobe and at the hilum

96
Q

Secondary TB - the lesions are located where on the lung and what is this called?

A

Assmann focus - superior lobe

97
Q

Miliary TB - the lesions are located where on the lung?

A

Throughout the lobes of the lung

98
Q

Primary/secondary TB - which lesion tends to be bilateral?

A

Assmann focus of secondary TB

99
Q

Normal lung is what colour?

A

Dark brown

100
Q

Pneumonia - area of consolidation of the lung will be what colour?

A

White ish

101
Q

Defence cell normally found in alveolar spaces is?

A

Neutrophil

102
Q

Most common organism causing lobar pneumonia is?

A

S. pneumoniae

103
Q

What is meant by ‘-penia’?

A

Too little

104
Q

What is meant by ‘-philia’?

A

Too much

105
Q

What is meant by ‘-cytosis’?

A

Too much

106
Q

What does neutrophil leycocytosis mean?

A

This is another term for neutrophilia

Increased numbers of neutrophils

107
Q

Which blood cells have a blueish tint around them?

A

Reticulocytes

108
Q

Three typical histological features of alcoholic liver disease?

A

Macrocytosis in the absence of anaemia
Thrombocytopenia
Target cells

109
Q

Allergic rhinitis - increase in which lymphocyte?

A

Eoseinophil

110
Q

Two lineages of WBCs?

A

Myeloid cells

Lymphoid cells

111
Q

What different cells can myeloid cells differentiate into?

A

Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

112
Q

What different cells can lymphoid cells differentiate into?

A

B/T lymphocytes
Plasma cells
NK cells

113
Q

Function of neutrophil? x3

A

First cell at the site of infection
Role in immune surveillance
Kills microbes via phagocytosis

114
Q

Neutrophilia - more common in bacterial or viral infections?

A

Bacterial

115
Q

Cause of eosinophilia? x2

A

Allergy/atopy e.g. hayfever, eczema, asthma

Parasitic infections

116
Q

Function of eosinophils? x2

A

Involved in defence against parasitic infections - helminths (worms) and protozoa

Increased against allergy/atopy

117
Q

Function of basophils?

A

Release of histamine and heparin in inflammatory responses

118
Q

B12/folate deficiency macrocytic anaemia can be recognised by?

A

Macrocytic cells

Hypersegmented neutrophils

119
Q

Right marginal artery supplies blood to which region of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

120
Q

Posterior inter ventricular artery supplies blood to which region of the heart?

A

Posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum

121
Q

Left circumflex artery supplies blood to which region of the heart?

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

122
Q

Left anterior descending artery supplies blood to which region of the heart?

A

Anterior 2/3 interventricular septum

Front and bottom of L ventricle

123
Q

How can you recognise a drug as a beta blocker?

A

Ends in -lol

Atenolol
Proparonolol
Bisprolol

124
Q

Pleural effusion is where in the lungs?

A

Base of the lungs

125
Q

Pulmonary oedema is where in the lungs?

A

In the alveoli

126
Q

Two muscles used in forced exhalation are?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

Abdominal muscles

127
Q

Tremor seen in respiratory failure is?

A

Flapping tremor

128
Q

Pa of O2 in hypoxemia is?

A

<8kPa

129
Q

PaCo2 in hypercapnia is?

A

> 6.5kPa

130
Q

Cells involved in immediate response to asthma?

A

Mast cells

131
Q

Cells involved in delayed response to asthma?

A

Eosinophils

132
Q

Cells involved in bronchitis?

A

Squamous cells

133
Q

Olamtuzimab works against which Ig?

A

IgE

134
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae most commonly causes what type of pneumonia?

A

Community acquired

135
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae most commonly causes what type of pneumonia?

A

Atypical

136
Q

Main difference in the symptoms of pneumonia vs. TB is?

A

Pneumonia - headache

137
Q

Right of left diaphragm is higher?

A

Right diaphragm higher - liver is underneath

Year 2 CR (37 decks)

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