Overview Flashcards
the scientific study of the origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and use of drugs
Pharmacology
is essential to providing safe and accurate medication administration to your patients.
Pharmacology
the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs by the body
Pharmacokinetics
the biochemical and physical effects of drugs and the mechanisms of drug actions
Pharmacodynamics
the use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases
Pharmacotherapeutics
deals with natural drugs & their constituents, as well as sources, procurement & chemistry of natural products
Pharmacognosy
is a scientific name that precisely describes the drug’s atomic and molecular structure.
chemical name
an abbreviation of the chemical name
generic, or nonproprietary name
selected by the drug company selling the product
trade name
______ names are protected by copyright.
Trade
groups drugs by their shared characteristics.
pharmacologic class
groups drugs by their therapeutic use
therapeutic class
In ________, the federal government mandated the use of official names so that only one official name would represent each drug.
1962
The official names are listed in the ________ and ___________
United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary
an example of a pharmacologic class.
Beta-adrenergic blocker
an example of a therapeutic class
Antihypertensive
Plants: active principles
- Alkaloids
- Glycosides
- Volatile Oil
- Resins
- Gums
- Tannins
are a diverse group of bitter-tasting, organic, basic substances plants
- Alkaloids
Generally given names that end in “ine”
Alkaloids
Examples of Alkaloids
Morphine
Cocaine
Atropine
Quinine
Nicotine
Caffeine
compounds that consist of sugar units, usually glucose, & aglycone
Glycosides
A nonsugar component
Aglycone
Examples of glycosides
• Digitalis —> digoxin
• glycogen
may be used as aromatics & as flavoring agents like peppermint, menthol, and cinnamon
Volatile oil
an example of volatile oil used as antiseptic & for rubs (like vicks vaporub)
wintergreen oil
are complex substances of plant origin that are amorphous in structure
Resins
insoluble in water but mostly soluble in alcohol
Resins
a type of resin used as laxative
Podophyllum (mandrake)
a type of resin astringent used in Hemorrhoidal prep
vian balsam
these are translucent, amorphous, hydrocolloidal masses
Gums
Examples of gums used as bulk laxatives
karaya
agar
carrageenan
used as antiseptic & astringent for bed sores, to stop bleeding, treat rashes and alleviate other conditions of soreness
Tannic acid
Tannin’s presence in many herbal teas as well as ordinary tea has been linked to occurrence of ________
esophageal cancer
Animals
- Liver
- thyroid
- insulin
- cortisone
4 sources of mineral products
- Elementary substances
- Free acids
- Metallic hydroxide
- Salts
Elementary substances
a) oxygen
b) iodine
c) iron
Free acids
a) Boric acid
b) Hydrochloric Acid
Metallic hydroxide
A) aluminum hydroxide
B. Aluminum magnesium (kremil s)
Salts
A) magnesium sulfate
B) magnesium trisilicate
Magnesium sulfate
- Epsom salt
- as a cathartic
Magnesium trisilicate
Gastric antacid
derived by chemical modification of natural substances
Semi-synthetic
a new method of drug production based on recombinant DNA technology
Genetic engineering
made in the laboratory and mainly composed of pure chemicals
Synthetic drugs
branch of the pharmaceutical science most directly concerned with the synthesis of new drug substances
Medicinal chemistry
Examples of synthetic drugs
hematropine
barbiturates
sulphonamides
the most active component in plants
Alkaloids
react with acids to form a salt that’s able to dissolve more readily in body fluids
Alkaloids
are naturally occurring active components that are found in plants and have both beneficial and toxic effects
Glycosides
They usually have names that end in “-in,” such as digoxin
Glycosides
give products the ability to attract and hold water
Gums
Example of gums
Seaweed extractions
Seeds with starch
the chief source is pine tree sap, commonly act as local irritants or as laxatives and caustic agents
Resins
thick and sometimes greasy liquids, are classified as volatile or fixed.
Oils
Examples of volatile oils, which readily evaporate, include ________, _______, and _________.
peppermint, spearmint, and juniper
oils which aren’t easily evaporated, include castor oil and olive oil
Fixed oils
The drugs obtained from animal sources include:
• hormones, such as insulin
• oils and fats (usually fixed), such as cod-liver oil
• enzymes, which are produced by living cells and act as catalysts, such as pancreatin and pepsin
• vaccines, which are suspensions of killed, modified, or attenuated microorganisms
provide various inorganic materials not available from plants or animals.
Metallic and nonmetallic minerals
are used as they occur in nature or they’re combined with other ingredients.
Mineral sources
Examples of drugs that contain minerals are
Iron, iodine, and Epsom salts
Laboratory processed drugs include
thyroid hormone (from natural sources)
cimetidine (from synthetic sources)
process of the reordering of genetic information enables scientists to develop bacteria that produce insulin for humans
Genetic Engineering
