Drugs and Its Forms Flashcards
are water soluble in preparation and are usually applied by rubbing into the skin; often used as moisturizer
CREAMS
- drugs in oily or fatty suspension
- not easily washed away by water or sweat
OINTMENT
– ointments that are especially thick & viscous & that don’t soften substantially from body heat
PASTES
aqueous suspensions of hydrated particles
GELS
aqueous suspensions of drugs & should be dabbed, not rubbed
LOTIONS
thinner than ointment, consisting of fluid mixture of drugs w/ water, oil, soap & other constituents
-applied by rubbing
LINIMENTS
drugs that comes in solid dosage forms and have usually have a rubber mixture as their base
PLASTERS
– usually consist of fine mineral dusts, such as talc & are applied by dusting.
-used to absorb moisture from the skin thereby altering conditions favorable to growth of microbes.
POWDERS
used to provide gradual transfer of drug from the patch to the skin, usually for drugs that’ll be absorbed through the skin to provide systemic effects
PATCHES
solutions of drugs in alcohol form; often applied by fainting
TINCTURES
used for topical application of drugs to both the skin & the respiratory tract. It consist of liquids applied under air pressure as sprays
AEROSOLS
aerated semisolid preparation applied under pressure in a manner similar to aerosol.
FOAMS
provide thorough & direct contact of the skin w/ water or other fluids for a limited time period
BATHS & SOAKS
oral membrane (betadine garle, listerine gargle, bactidol gargle)
GARGLES
a flat disk containing a medicinal agent in a suitable flavoured base
- held in the mouth to be dissolved slowly (example: Strepsils)
LOZENGES
- is usually supplied with an applicator to facilitate easy & effective insertion
- make sure to wipe away excessive vaginal discharges & always observe sterile technique. Instruct patient lie flat for 15 minutes.
VAGINAL SUPPOSITORY
- drugs that can be administered to the Respiratory tract for either topical or systemic purpose.
- both liquid & gases can be administered.
INHALATION
- fine powders administered to the Respiratory tract by blowing or spraying into the nose.
INSUFFLATION
solutions, or suspensions, that are instilled in the eye by the use of a dropper. Make sure to observe sterile technique.
DROPS
usually placed on the inner mucosal surface of the lower eyelid or in the conjunctival sac in the inner canthus
OINTMENT
– labelled as OTIC
DROPS
- medication or drug is administered in the alimentary tract with systemic effect
- it may be in oral, rectal, sublingual or buccal routes
ENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
the most convenient and frequently used route
ORAL ROUTE-
dried powdered drug that has been compressed into small disks. Some tablets are “scored” to aid in subdividing them. (scored meaning divisions for you to easily divide the tablet. If the tablet is not scored, you cannot divide it split it into half.
TABLETS
consist of powders or liquids in a gelatin container.
________ don’t require color or additives to improve taste
CAPSULES
granules w/in the capsule dissolve at different rates
TIMED-RELEASE CAPSULE
consist of substances dissolve in water
SOLUTION
are sugar solutions used as vehicles for various drugs
SYRUPS
consist of fine drug particles suspended in a liquid vehicle. Make sure to shake well to ensure thorough mixing
SUSPENSIONS
consist of a lipid substance dispersed in water by the
action of an emulsifying agent
EMULSIONS
often called milk. These are thick suspensions of white particles in water
MAGMAS
aqueous suspensions of hydrated particles
GELS
are vehicles containing alcohol, sugar, & water
- used primarily when the drug will not dissolve in water
ELIXIR
alcohol solutions of volatile substances
SPIRITS
consist of drugs dissolved in alcohol or alcohol & water
TINCTURES
–medication is placed under the tongue
NITROGLYCERIN
- mixture of drugs in a base, e.g. cocoa butter, that is solid at room temp. but which melts at body temp & dissolves in the body fluids.
- suitable substitute for oral administration of medications in comatose patients
- make sure to evacuate the rectum by enema before administration
RECTAL SUPPOSITORY
small suppository inserted into the urethra
BOUGIES
glass containers that usually contain a single dose of medication
◼ may be scored or have a darkened ring around neck
AMPULES
are glass containers that contain 1 or more doses of a sterile medication - may be a solution or it may be a sterile powder to be reconstituted or diluted before the time of administration
VIALS
– glass containers with 2 compartments
- lower chamber contains the solute; upper chamber contains a sterile diluent.
- in between the chambers is a rubber stopper
MIX-O-VIALS
- these are premeasured amount of meds in a disposable cartridge-needle unit
- the cartridge is in a sealed unit and drug name, concentration, & volume are clearly printed in the cartridge
- it time saving and there is diminished chance of contamination of drugs
PREFILLED SYRINGE
Certain drugs, such as nitroglycerin, are given ________ (in the pouch between the cheek and teeth), ______________ (under the tongue), or _______________ (on the tongue) to prevent their destruction or transformation in the stomach or small intestine.
Buccally, sublingually, and translingually
The ________ route allows direct administration of a drug into the GI system. This route is used
when patients can’t ingest the drug orally
GASTRIC
In ____________ administration, drugs are injected into the skin. A needle is inserted at a 10- to 15-degree angle so that it punctures only the skin’s surface. This form of administration is used mainly for diagnostic purposes, such as testing for allergies or tuberculosis.
intradermal
The IM route allows drugs to be injected directly into various muscle groups at varying tissue depths. This form of administration provides rapid systemic action and allows for absorption of relatively large doses (up to 3 mL). Aqueous suspensions and solutions in oil as well as drugs that aren’t available in oral forms are given IM.
Intramuscular
The IV route allows injection of drugs and other substances directly into the bloodstream through a vein. Appropriate substances to administer IV include drugs, fluids, blood or blood products, and diagnostic contrast agents. Administration can range from a single dose to an ongoing infusion that’s delivered with great precision.
Intravenous
______ administration is usually the safest, most convenient, and least expensive route. Oral drugs are administered to patients who are conscious and able to swallow.
Oral
Suppositories, ointments, creams, or gels may be instilled into the rectum or vagina to treat local irritation or infection. Some drugs applied to the mucosa of the rectum or vagina can also be absorbed systemically.
Rectal and vaginal
Drugs that are available as gases can be administered into the respiratory system through inhalation. These drugs are rapidly absorbed. In addition, some of these drugs can be selfadministered by devices such as the metered-dose inhaler.The respiratory route is also used in emergencies—for example, to administer some injectable drugs directly into the lungs via an endotracheal tube.
Respiratory
In subcutaneous administration, small amounts of a drug are injected beneath the dermis and into the subcutaneous tissue, usually in the patient’s upper arm, thigh, or abdomen. This allows the drug to move into the bloodstream more rapidly than if given by mouth. Drugs given by the subcutaneous route include nonirritating aqueous solutions and suspensions contained in up to 1 mL of fluid, such as heparin and insulin.
Subcutaneous
The topical route is used to deliver a drug via the skin or a mucous membrane. This route is used for most dermatologic, ophthalmic, otic, and nasal preparations. Talk about going with the flow! IV administration puts substances right into the bloodstream
Topical
injected into the epidural space
epidural
injected into the pleural cavity
intrapleural
injected into the peritoneal cavity
intraperitoneal
injected into the rich vascular network of a long bone
intraosseous
—injected into a joint
intra-articular
The term kinetics refers to movement. ___________________ deals with a drug’s actions as it moves through the body. Therefore, pharmacokinetics discusses how a drug is:
* absorbed (taken into the body)
* distributed (moved into various tissues)
* metabolized (changed into a form that can be excreted)
* excreted (removed from the body).
Pharmacokinetics
Drug absorption covers the progress of a drug from the time it’s administered, through the time it passes to the tissues, until it becomes available for use by the body
Absorption
____________ is a unique form of active transport that occurs when a cell engulfs a drug particle. (just like taking a bite of its particles)
Pinocytosis
Various factors—such as the route of administration, the amount of blood flow, and the form of the drug—can affect the rate of a drug’s absorption.
Factors affecting absorption
If only a few cells separate the active drug from systemic circulation, absorption occurs rapidly and the drug quickly reaches therapeutic levels in the body. Typically, drug absorption occurs within seconds or minutes when administered sublingually, IV, or by inhalation.
Fast and furious
Absorption occurs at slower rates when drugs are administered by the oral, IM, or subQ routes because the complex membrane systems of GI mucosal layers, muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
Slow but steady
At the slowest absorption rates, drugs can take several hours or days to reach peak concentration levels. A slow rate usually occurs with rectally administered or sustained-release drugs.
At a snail’s pace-
Several other factors can affect absorption of a drug. For example, most absorption of oral drugs occurs in the small intestine. If a patient has had large sections of the small intestine surgically removed, drug absorption decreases because of the reduced surface area and the reduced time the drug is in the intestine.
Intestinal interference
Drugs absorbed by the small intestine are transported to the liver before being circulated to the rest of the body. The liver may metabolize much of the drug before it enters circulation. This mechanism is referred to as the first-pass effect. Liver metabolism may inactivate the drug; if so, the first-pass effect lowers the amount of active drug released into the systemic circulation.
Liver-lowered levels
Drug distribution is the process by which the drug is delivered to the tissues and fluids of the
body. Distribution of an absorbed drug within the body depends on several factors, including: *
blood flow
* solubility
* protein binding.
Distribution
Drug metabolism, or biotransformation, refers to the body’s ability to change a drug from its
dosage form to a more water-soluble form that can then be excreted. Drugs can be metabolized
in several ways:
Metabolism
Certain diseases can reduce metabolism. These include liver disease, such as cirrhosis, and heart failure, which reduces circulation to the liver.
Metabolism busters—
Genetics allow some people to be able to metabolize drugs rapidly, whereas others metabolize them more slowly.
In the genes
Environment, too, can alter drug metabolism. For example, if a person is surrounded by cigarette smoke, the rate of metabolism of some drugs may be affected. A stressful environment, such as one involving prolonged illness or surgery, can also change how a person metabolizes drugs.
Environmental effects
Developmental changes can also affect drug metabolism. For example, infants have immature livers that reduce the rate of metabolism, and elderly patients experience a decline in liver size, blood flow, and enzyme production that also slows metabolism.
Age alterations
Drug ________ refers to the elimination of drugs from the body. Most drugs are excreted by the kidneys and leave the body through urine. Drugs can also be excreted through the lungs, exocrine glands (sweat, salivary, or mammary glands), skin, and intestinal tract.
excretion
________________________ is the study of the drug mechanisms that produce biochemical or physiologic changes in the body. The interaction at the cellular level between a drug and cellular components, such as the complex proteins that make up the cell membrane, enzymes, or target receptors, represents drug action.
Pharmacodynamics
___________________ is the use of drugs to treat disease. When choosing a drug to treat a particular condition, health care providers consider the drug’s effectiveness as well as such factors as the type of therapy the patient will receive.
Pharmacotherapeutics
____ ____________ can occur between drugs or between drugs and foods. They can interfere with
the results of a laboratory test or produce physical or chemical incompatibilities. The more drugs a patient receives, the greater the chances are that a drug interaction will occur. Potential drug interactions include:
* additive effects
* potentiation
* antagonistic effects
* decreased or increased absorption
* decreased or increased metabolism and excretion.
Drug interactions
Toxic drug levels can occur when a drug’s metabolism and excretion are inhibited by another
drug. Some drug interactions affect excretion only.
TOXICITY
What are the most commonly used ointment bases?
petrolatum & lanolin
