anti-infectives 1

Question 1

refers to substances or agents that are effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria

Answer 1

Antibacterial

Question 2

Antibacterial agents are substances that target bacteria, aiming to disrupt their

Answer 2

cellular processes and prevent their growth or survival

Question 3

refers to any substance or condition that has the ability to kill bacteria

Answer 3

Bactericidal

Question 4

refers to a substance or condition that inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria without necessarily killing them

Answer 4

Bacteriostatic

Question 5

Antibacterial Drugs

Answer 5

1. Penicillin
2. Cephalosporins
3. Macrolides
4. Aminoglycosides
5. Fluoroquinolones
6. Carbapenems
7. Tetracycline
8. Miscellaneous

Question 6

Treat wide range of bacterial infections

Answer 6

Penicillin

Question 7

penicillin allergy can range from mild (_______, ______) to severe (_________, a life-threatening reaction)

Answer 7

hives, itching

anaphylaxis

Question 8

Typically effective against gram-positive bacteria

Answer 8

First generation

Question 9

exhibits increased activity against gram -negative bacteria, while retaining some effectiveness against gram-positive organisms

Answer 9

Second Generation

Question 10

They are often used for respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and some skin infections

Answer 10

Second generation cephalosporins

Question 11

have an even broader spectrum of activity, particularly against gram-negative bacteria, including those resistant to earlier generations

Answer 11

third generation cephalosporins

Question 12

They are commonly used for severe infections like meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis

Answer 12

third generation cephalosporins

Question 13

exhibits excellent activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including those that produce β-lactamases, enzymes that can inactivate other cephalosporins

Answer 13

fourth generation cephalosporins

Question 14

first generation cephalosporins

Answer 14

i. Cephalexin
ii. Cefadroxil
iii. Cefradine

Question 15

second generation cephalosporins

Answer 15

i. Cefuroxime
ii. Cefaclor
iii. Cefprozil

Question 16

third generation cephalosporins

Answer 16

i. Ceftriaxone
ii. Cefixime
iii. Cefoperazone

Question 17

fourth generation cephalosporin

Answer 17

i. Cefepime

Question 18

Macrolides are a class of ____________ that are primarily _____________.

Answer 18

antibiotics
bacteriostatic

Question 19

are often considered the antibiotics of choice for group A streptococcal and pneumococcal infections when penicillin cannot be used

Answer 19

Macrolides

Question 20

The original macrolide, often used for respiratory infections and skin infections.

Answer 20

Erythromycin

Question 21

Used specifically for Clostridioides difficile infection due to its minimal systemic absorption.

Answer 21

Fidaxomicin

Question 22

Known for its long half-life, allowing for once-daily dosing and shorter treatment courses

Answer 22

Azithromycin

Question 23

They are particularly effective against gram-negative aerobic bacteria, including those that are resistant to other antibiotics.

Answer 23

Aminoglycosides

Question 24

is often used in combination with other antibiotics, particularly
for more serious infections.

Answer 24

Gentamicin

Question 25

Primarily used for tuberculosis treatment.

Answer 25

Streptomycin

Question 26

Resistant to many bacterial enzymes that inactivate other aminoglycosides, making it helpful for multidrug-resistant infections.

Answer 26

Amikacin

Question 27

They are the primary treatment option for severe infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.

Answer 27

Aminoglycosides

Question 28

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Answer 28

Meningitis

Question 29

Infection of the inner lining of the heart, especially in cases involving Pseudomonas or Enterococcus species.

Answer 29

Endocarditis

Question 30

are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that have been widely used to treat a variety of bacterial infections

Answer 30

Fluoroquinolones

Question 31

They are known for their high oral bioavailability, large volume of distribution, and effectiveness against a
wide range of bacteria

Answer 31

Fluoroquinolones

Question 32

Fluoroquinolones

Answer 32

a. Ciprofloxacin
b. Levofloxacin
c. Gemifloxacin

Question 33

a class of beta-lactam antibiotics known for their broad spectrum of activity against a wide range of bacteria, including many that are resistant to other antibiotics

Answer 33

Carbapenems

Question 34

They are typically reserved for severe infections or used as “last-line” agents
when other antibiotics have failed

Answer 34

Carbapenems

Question 35

It is stable to mammalian dehydropeptidases.

Answer 35

Meropenem

Question 36

The first clinically used carbapenem, approved in 1985.

Answer 36

Imipenem

Question 37

______________ work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. They bind to __________, which are essential for the formation of the bacterial cell wall. This disruption leads to ________ and ___________

Answer 37

Carbapenems
penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)
cell lysis and bacterial death

Question 38

a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that have been widely used to treat various bacterial infections in both humans and animals since their discovery in the 1940s.

Answer 38

Tetracyclines

Question 39

is used as a prophylactic treatment for infection by Bacillus anthracis

Answer 39

Doxycycline

Question 40

refer to a group of antibiotics that are unique in their action and not comparable to other antibiotics, even though their spectrum of activity or certain side effects may be similar

Answer 40

Miscellaneous

Question 41

These antibiotics are typically used to treat infections caused by susceptible bacteria or other susceptible organisms, especially when more common antibiotics are ineffective or not tolerated

Answer 41

Miscellaneous

Question 42

miscellaneous drugs

Answer 42

a. Vancomycin
b. Trimethoprim
c. Metronidazole
d. Mupirucin