anti-infectives 1 Flashcards
refers to substances or agents that are effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria
Antibacterial
Antibacterial agents are substances that target bacteria, aiming to disrupt their
cellular processes and prevent their growth or survival
refers to any substance or condition that has the ability to kill bacteria
Bactericidal
refers to a substance or condition that inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria without necessarily killing them
Bacteriostatic
Antibacterial Drugs
- Penicillin
- Cephalosporins
- Macrolides
- Aminoglycosides
- Fluoroquinolones
- Carbapenems
- Tetracycline
- Miscellaneous
Treat wide range of bacterial infections
Penicillin
penicillin allergy can range from mild (_______, ______) to severe (_________, a life-threatening reaction)
hives, itching
anaphylaxis
Typically effective against gram-positive bacteria
First generation
exhibits increased activity against gram -negative bacteria, while retaining some effectiveness against gram-positive organisms
Second Generation
They are often used for respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and some skin infections
Second generation cephalosporins
have an even broader spectrum of activity, particularly against gram-negative bacteria, including those resistant to earlier generations
third generation cephalosporins
They are commonly used for severe infections like meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis
third generation cephalosporins
exhibits excellent activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including those that produce β-lactamases, enzymes that can inactivate other cephalosporins
fourth generation cephalosporins
first generation cephalosporins
i. Cephalexin
ii. Cefadroxil
iii. Cefradine
second generation cephalosporins
i. Cefuroxime
ii. Cefaclor
iii. Cefprozil
third generation cephalosporins
i. Ceftriaxone
ii. Cefixime
iii. Cefoperazone
fourth generation cephalosporin
i. Cefepime
Macrolides are a class of ____________ that are primarily _____________.
antibiotics
bacteriostatic
are often considered the antibiotics of choice for group A streptococcal and pneumococcal infections when penicillin cannot be used
Macrolides
The original macrolide, often used for respiratory infections and skin infections.
Erythromycin
Used specifically for Clostridioides difficile infection due to its minimal systemic absorption.
Fidaxomicin
Known for its long half-life, allowing for once-daily dosing and shorter treatment courses
Azithromycin
They are particularly effective against gram-negative aerobic bacteria, including those that are resistant to other antibiotics.
Aminoglycosides
is often used in combination with other antibiotics, particularly
for more serious infections.
Gentamicin
Primarily used for tuberculosis treatment.
Streptomycin
Resistant to many bacterial enzymes that inactivate other aminoglycosides, making it helpful for multidrug-resistant infections.
Amikacin
They are the primary treatment option for severe infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.
Aminoglycosides
Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Meningitis
Infection of the inner lining of the heart, especially in cases involving Pseudomonas or Enterococcus species.
Endocarditis
are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that have been widely used to treat a variety of bacterial infections
Fluoroquinolones
They are known for their high oral bioavailability, large volume of distribution, and effectiveness against a
wide range of bacteria
Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones
a. Ciprofloxacin
b. Levofloxacin
c. Gemifloxacin
a class of beta-lactam antibiotics known for their broad spectrum of activity against a wide range of bacteria, including many that are resistant to other antibiotics
Carbapenems
They are typically reserved for severe infections or used as “last-line” agents
when other antibiotics have failed
Carbapenems
It is stable to mammalian dehydropeptidases.
Meropenem
The first clinically used carbapenem, approved in 1985.
Imipenem
______________ work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. They bind to __________, which are essential for the formation of the bacterial cell wall. This disruption leads to ________ and ___________
Carbapenems
penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)
cell lysis and bacterial death
a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that have been widely used to treat various bacterial infections in both humans and animals since their discovery in the 1940s.
Tetracyclines
is used as a prophylactic treatment for infection by Bacillus anthracis
Doxycycline
refer to a group of antibiotics that are unique in their action and not comparable to other antibiotics, even though their spectrum of activity or certain side effects may be similar
Miscellaneous
These antibiotics are typically used to treat infections caused by susceptible bacteria or other susceptible organisms, especially when more common antibiotics are ineffective or not tolerated
Miscellaneous
miscellaneous drugs
a. Vancomycin
b. Trimethoprim
c. Metronidazole
d. Mupirucin
