Overexploitation (class 12) Flashcards
What amount of endangered US vertebrates are threatened by overexploitation?
1/4
In what way have traditional societies developed restrictions to prevent overexploitation?
They have created prohibitions against harvesting females, juveniles, and undersized adults
What are the 2 reasons stated for the problem of overexploitation?
Human population growth & increasingly efficient technologies (ex. factory ships for bluefin tuna are extremely efficient in processing them for human consumption)
Name 3 reasons regulations restricting exploitation might be weakened:
War, civil unrest, human migration
Name 3 sites hunters are drawn to:
Areas near roads, national parks, recently logged sites
Describe the bushmeat crisis
Decline in animal population caused by intensive hunting of animals, particularly in Africa
What can eating primate bushmeat contribute to?
Transfer of zoonotic diseases
Name the 6 solutions to curb the bushmeat crisis:
1) restricting sale and transport of bushmeat
2) restricting sale of firearms and ammunition
3) closing roads after logging
4) legally protecting endangered species
5) establishing protected reserves
6) providing alternate protein sources to humans to reduce demand for bushmeat
What is overexploitation called in plants?
Overharvesting; involves intensive collection of fruits or seeds
How can plant species recover from overharvesting?
They can recover if juveniles or root systems persist (only after harvesting stops)
Who is usually a major exporter for the International wildlife trade?
Tropical countries
Who are major importers for the International wildlife trade?
Canada, China, European Union, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, USA
What does IUCN stand for?
International Union for Conservation of Nature
Name an animal listed “endangered” by the IUCN:
Long-tailed chinchilla. Numbers are low in the wild and continue to decline.
What is the native habitat of the long-tailed chinchilla? How many colonies are remaining here?
Northern Chile. Only 2 known colonies.
How many hairs in a single follicle for the long-haired chinchilla?
50 individual hairs per follicle. This makes them well suited for its cold habitat. (also makes its pelt highly prized :( )
Name the main parrot type collected and how many have been in the last 25 years:
African grey parrot. 1.5 million collected in the last 25 years
Name an endangered flower:
Orchids, small white ladies slipper. Endangered in Ontario. Illegal collecting a threat
Name the major targeted groups of the worldwide trade in wildlife:
(slide 19 for more details)
1) primates
2) birds
3) reptiles
4) ornamental fish
5) reef corals
6) orchids
7) cacti
Go through the pattern of exploitation: (9 steps)
- wildlife source identified
- local human populace mobilized to extract and sell resource
- initial sales used to buy boats, guns, other tools
- help extract resource more quickly
- transportation network develops
- supply diminishes
- value increases, creating strong incentive for over-exploitation
- resource becomes rare of extinct
- market turns to another species or region to exploit
“Pattern of exploitation condensed”
Resource identified, sell, money used to extract resources efficiently, transportation network develops, supply goes down, value increases, resource becomes rare, market turns to another species/region to exploit
What does “fishing down the food chain mean”
Large individuals and top predators are removed rapidly. This affects the rest of the ecosystem greatly.
When was whale harvesting banned?
1986
What happened after the 1986 whale ban in Japan mainly?
Estimated value per whale went up exponentially
