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Human Anatomy 101 > Overall Revision > Flashcards

Overall Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the surge in luteinising hormone, that occurs in the middle of the ovarian cycle, trigger?

A

Ovulation

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2
Q

Does ADH increase the permeability of the collecting ducts to water?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What is the organ that transports the ovum to the uterus called?

A

uterine tube

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4
Q

What is the knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle called?

A

glomerulus

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5
Q

What do the cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form?

A

juxtaglomerular complex

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6
Q

What is the u-shaped segment of the nephron called?

A

the nephron loop (loop of henle)

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7
Q

What is the organ that produces an alkaline secretion? (male reproductive organ)

A

seminal gland (seminal vesicle)

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8
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

the thick muscular layer of the uterus

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9
Q

What component of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla

A

the collecting ducts

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10
Q

What does contraction of the dartos muscle tighten?

A

scrotal sac

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11
Q

Where in the male reproductive system would you expect to find the most mature spermatozoa?

A

in the ductus deferens and the ejaculatory duct

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12
Q

What organ is the organ that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins and fibrogen?

A

the seminal gland (seminal vesicle)

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13
Q

Is protein a normal constituent of urine?

A

No THIS IS ABNORMAL

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14
Q

Where does the urine pass to next after the glomerular capsule?

A

the proximal convoluted tubule

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15
Q

Where are the majority of the glomeruli located?

A

the cortex of the kidney

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16
Q

What is the macula densa apart of ?

A

the distal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

What organ carries sperm from the epididymus to the urethra?

A

the ductus deferens

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18
Q

blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the?

A

efferent arteriole

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19
Q

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the?

A

renal pelvis

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20
Q

During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle the functional zone of what is restored?

A

the endometrium

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21
Q

What is sodium reabsorption in the DCT and cortical portion of the collecting system accelerated by?

A

the secretion of aldosterone

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22
Q

What does the ovary secrete after ovulation?

A

both oestrogen and progesterone

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23
Q

What is the inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina called?

A

cervix

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24
Q

What portion of the nephron empties into the collecting duct?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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25
Q

Does the urinary system excrete excess albumen molecules?

A

No

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26
Q

Is the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries greater at birth or during puberty?

A

Birth

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27
Q

Where do microscopic afferent arterioles arise from?

A

the branches of the interlobular arteries and then they lead to the glomeruli

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28
Q

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is?

A

absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins and water

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29
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerular (bowman’s) capsule and the glomerulus

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30
Q

What happens during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

the fertilised ovum implants, progesterone levels are high, endometrial glands enlarge and the corpus luteum is formed

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31
Q

When spermatogonia divide, what are the daughter cells called?

A

spermatocytes

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32
Q

Why does the uterine phase develop?

A

because of a fall in progesterone levels in the menses

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33
Q

Where does sperm production occur?

A

seminiferous tubules

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34
Q

When ADH levels rise the does amount of water reabsorbed increase or decrease?

A

Increases

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35
Q

What are major calyces?

A

large branches of the renal pelvis

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36
Q

What do sperm develop from?

A

from stem cells called spermatogonia

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37
Q

When the level of ADH decreases, what happens?

A

both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases

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38
Q

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called?

A

pyramids

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39
Q

follicle stimulating hormone does what?

A

Both stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the ovary and stimulates spermatogenesis

40
Q

the reproductive system does what? (in terms of gametes)

A

produces gametes, stores gametes, transports gametes and nourishes gametes

41
Q

Are the kidneys partly located in the pelvic cavity?

A

No

42
Q

What organ provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo?

A

the uterus

43
Q

Do the the accessory organs of the male reproductive system activate spermatozoa?

A

No

44
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

A

In the region of the ampulla

45
Q

If the prostate stopped secreting fluid what would it result in?

A

semen with a higher than normal pH

46
Q

What is testosterone secreted by?

A

interstitial cells

47
Q

What movement(s) of the foot are involved in non-weight bearing supination?

A

Adduction, inversion + plantarflexion

48
Q

Which muscles are involved with supination of the foot?

A

Soleus, tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior and flexor hallucis longus

49
Q

What movement(s) of the foot are involved in pronation?

A

Abduction, eversion, dorsiflexion

50
Q

What muscles are involved with pronation of the foot?

A

peroneus brevis, extensor digitorum, peroneus longus and peroneus teritus

51
Q

In what plane does inversion/ eversion of the foot occur?

A

coronal

52
Q

In what plane does plantarflexion/ dorsiflexion of the foot occur?

A

saggital

53
Q

What movement(S) of the talus are involved in pronation of the weight bearing foot?

A

plantarflexion, adduction

54
Q

Which muscles restrain pronation during gait?

A

Soleus, tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior

55
Q

What movement(s) of the calcaneum are involved in non-weight bearing pronation?

A

Abduction, eversion and dorsiflexion

56
Q

in what plane does abduction/ adduction of the foot occur?

A

transverse

57
Q

what is the angle of inclination of the femur?

A

angle between the axis of the head and neck of the femur and the axis of the shaft of the femur in the coronal plane.

58
Q

What is the angle of torsion of the femur?

A

Angle between the axis of the femoral condyles and the axis of the femoral neck in the transverse plane

59
Q

What is the average angle of inclination of the femur in the normal adult population?

A

125 plus or minus 5 degrees

60
Q

What is the average angle of inclination of the femur in infants?

A

150 degrees

61
Q

What is the average angle of torsion of the femur in the normal adult population?

A

14 degrees medially rotated

62
Q

What is an increase in the angle of inclination of the femur called?

A

coxa valga

63
Q

If a person has coxa vara how could this affect the moment arm of the hip abductors?

A

increased moment arm

64
Q

What is a decrease in the angle of torsion of the femur called?

A

retroversion

65
Q

What would be the effects of retroversion of the femur?

A

external femoral torsion, feet point outwards and altered muscle mechanics

66
Q

What is the close packed position of the hip joint?

A

extension

67
Q

Not all movements in the lumbar spine are of equal range. What are the motions available at the lumbar spine in descending order?

A

flexion/extension, lateral flexion and rotation

68
Q

What motion occurs in the lumbar spine and pelvic region during forward bending in a standing position?

A

first 60 degrees lumbar flexion, then tilting of the pelvis allows further flexion

69
Q

Are psoas major, internal obliques, external obliques and rectus abdominis lumbar flexors?

A

Yes

70
Q

Which structures limit flexion in the lumbar spine?

A

trunk extensors, intervertebral disc, posterior ligaments

71
Q

Do facet joints limit rotation in the lumbar spine?

A

Yes

72
Q

What provides intrinsic stability to the lumbar spine?

A

ligaments, intervertebral discs

73
Q

which bones are involved in the subtalar joint?

A

talus, calcaneum

74
Q

What movements occur at the subtalar joint?

A

plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, abduction, adduction, inversion and eversion

75
Q

what movements of the calcaneum are involved in non-weight bearing supination?

A

adduction, inversion and planterflexion

76
Q

What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?

A

supination

77
Q

What structures are involved in passive restraint of pronation?

A

medial ligaments of the ankle and interosseous talo calcaneal ligament

78
Q

What is the usual ratio of inversion to eversion motion of the calcaneum at the subtalar joint?

A

2:1

79
Q

What structures are involved in passive restraint of supination?

A

lateral ligaments of the ankle and interosseous talocaneal ligament

80
Q

What is the loose packed position of the subtalar joint?

A

pronation

81
Q

What structures are involved in active restraint of supination?

A

evertor muscles

82
Q

What bones are involved in the midtarsal joint?

A

talus, calcaneum, navicular and cuboid

83
Q

What other name is used for midtarsal joint?

A

transverse tarsal joint

84
Q

Which joints are involved in the midtarsal joint?

A

talonavicular, calcaneocuboid

85
Q

How are the axes of motion of the midtarsal joint described?

A

longitudinal oblique

86
Q

What motions occur about the longitudinal midtarsal joint axis?

A

mainly eversion/ inversion

87
Q

What motions occur about the oblique midtarsal joint axis?

A

large range of plantarflexion and dorsiflexion, large range of adduction and abduction, small range inversion and eversion

88
Q

What motions occur about the midtarsal joint when the hindfoot has pronated as weight is loaded onto the foot?

A

supination around the longitudinal axis

89
Q

What position of the midtarsal of the midtarsal joint contributes to rigid foot?

A

supination

90
Q

Which ligaments contribute to the stability of the hip joint?

A

iliofemoral, Ischiofemoral and pubofemoral

91
Q

Which ligaments are tight in hip extension?

A

iliofemoral, ischiofemoral and pubofemoral

92
Q

Where are the sacroiliac and symphysis pubis joints?

A

the pelvis

93
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A

part fibrous and part synovial

94
Q

Which motions occur at the sacroiliac joint?

A

nutation and counternutation, superior and inferior glide

95
Q

Which ligaments are associated with stability in the sacroiliac joints?

A

iliolumbar, sacroiliac, sacrospinous and sacrotuberous

96
Q

What is the function of the transverse ligament of the acetabulum?

A

completes the acetabular rim inferiorly

Human Anatomy 101 (4 decks)

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