OVERALL MIDTERM 2 Flashcards
Nonpolar covalent bond
Electrons shared EQUALLY between atoms (no separation of charge)
Polar covalent bond
Electrons shared UNEQUALLY between atoms (separation of charge)
Electronegativity trend
- Difference less than 0.4: Nonpolar
- Difference between 0.4-2.0: Polar
- Difference greater than 2.0: Ionic
Formal charge
Valence electrons - LP - Number of bonds
Nonbonding electrons
Valene electrons - 8(n)/2
Resonance bond rules
- Single Bond: 3LP
- Double bond: 2 LP
- Triple bond: 1 LP
Base names alkanes
- Methane
- Ethane
- Propane
- Butane
- Pentane
- Hexane
- Heptane
- Octane
- Nonane
- Decane
Rules for naming alkanes (3)
- Go with the lower substituent when naming
- When 2 or more identical substituent present, use di try prefix
- Substituent name should be alphabetical order
Alkane naming format
Substituent number - (substituent name)(base name)
- Ane to -yl
When there’s one less than base
Electron group geometry
Count electron groups around central atom (LP and bonding atoms)
Electron group geometry shapes
- Linear
- Trigonal planar
- Tetrahedral
- Trigonal bipyramidal
- Octahedral
Molecular shape
Only count atoms bonded to central atom and occurs when lone pairs present
Inphase
Overlap and form bond
Molecular shape shapes (BLT)
- Bent
- Linear
- Trigonal pyramidal
- T shape
- Seesaw
- Square planar
- Square pyramidal
Outphase
Doesnt overlap and create a node
Sigma bond
Overlap of orbitals head to head and single bonds
Pi bond
Overlap of p orbitals side by side and multiple bonds
Hybridizations
- Sp: 2 electron groups
- Sp2: 3 electron groups
- Sp3: 4 electron grou[s
- Sp3d: 5 electron groups
- Sp3d2: 6 electron groups
Constructive interference
Forms bonding molecular orbital
Destructive interference
Forms anti bonding molecular orbital with node
Bonding order
Bonded electrons - anti bonding electrons /2
Bond order trend
- BO 1: single bond
- BO 2: Double bond
- BO 3: Triple bond
- BO 1/2: Single bond with 1 electron
Paramagnetic
Contains unpaired electrons
Diamagnetic
Contains paired electrons
Units of k
- Zero order: mol -1 L s-1
- First order: s-1
- Second order: L mol-1 s-1
Number prefixes
- Mono
- Di
- Tri
- Tetra
- Penta
- Hexa
- Hepta
- Octa
- Nona
- Deca