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CHEM1110 > FINAL - SECTION 6 > Flashcards

FINAL - SECTION 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bonds does a neutral carbon form

A

4

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2
Q

Organic chemistry basic structure

A
  • Each bend or intersection = carbon atom
  • Hydrogen is not drawn if bonded to C, but if it is not bonded to C then draw
  • Every non-C atom drawn
  • Octet + duet rule
  • Draw separate bond from molecules (eg. OH, NH2)
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3
Q

Alkanes

A

Contain only carbon and hydrogen and no double/triple bond

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4
Q

Base names alkanes

A
  1. Methane 1C
  2. Ethane 2C
  3. Propane 3C
  4. Butane 4C
  5. Pentane 5C
  6. Hexane 6C
  7. Heptane 7C
  8. Octane 8C
  9. Nonane 9C
  10. Decane 10C
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5
Q

Primary carbon

A

Bonded to one other carbon

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6
Q

Secondary carbon

A

Bonded to two other carbon

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7
Q

Tertiary carbon

A

Bonded to three other carbon

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8
Q

Quaternary carbon

A

Bonded to four other carbon

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9
Q

Basic rules for naming

A
  • Lowest substituent
  • When 2+ same substituents, use prefix di tri tetra, etc
  • Substituent alphabetical order
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10
Q

Alkane naming format

A

Substituent number - substituent name - base name

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11
Q

Number prefix

A
  • Mono 1
  • Di 2
  • Tri 3
  • Tetra 4
  • Penta 5
  • Hexa 6
  • Hepta 7
  • Octa 8
  • Nona 9
  • Deca 10
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12
Q

Iso prefix

A

When there is a methyl group located on the second carbon of carbon chain

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13
Q

Alkynes

A

Hydrocarbons with TRIPLE BOND (-yne). Give the first carbon of triple bond the lowest number

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14
Q

If there is more than 1 triple or double bond, what do you do with the number

A

Write it in the middle, not the front (eg. hex-2-yne)

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15
Q

Alkenes

A

Hydrocarbons with one or more DOUBLE BOND (-ene)

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16
Q

Which one (alkynes or alkenes) get priority

A

Whichever gets the lowest number, but if it is a tie then alkene gets priority

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17
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

Refers to alkynes and alkenes cause fewer H

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18
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons

A

Refers to alkanes cause more H

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19
Q

Diene/triene

A

Alkenes with 2/3 double bonds

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20
Q

Cis isomer

A

If 2 substituents on same side of double bond

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21
Q

Trans isomer

A

If 2 substituents on opposite side of double bond

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22
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbon

A

Rings with C-C double bond (benzene)

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23
Q
  • Phenyl
A

When benzene is attached to 7+ carbons

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24
Q

Alcohols

A

Contain a hydroxyl group (-nol)

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25
Q

Alkali hallides

A

Halogen binder to carbon (ane). Name from the carbon closest to halogen

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26
Q

Aldehyde

A

Contain carbon double bonded to oxygen at the end and has H (anal)

27
Q

Ketone

A

Contain carbon double bonded to oxygen within molecule and no H (anone)

28
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

Contain carbonyl group next to hydroxyl group (anoic acid)

29
Q

Ester

A

Has 2 oxygen groups. Name one side from double bond oxygen first (anoate)

30
Q

Newman project

A

Visualize the conformation of chemical bond from front to back

31
Q

Lines of Newman project inside circle

A

Represents front atom

32
Q

Circle outside the line on Newman project

A

Represents back atom

33
Q

Syn eclipsed

A

Least stable (highest energy) (0)

34
Q

Gauche staggered

35
Q

Eclipsed

A

120 degree

36
Q

Antistaggered

A

Most stable (lowest energy) (180 degree)

37
Q

Cycloalkane

A

Alkane ring

38
Q

Draw cyclohexane chair

39
Q

Isomer

A

Compounds with same molecular formula but different connectivity or different arrangement in space

40
Q

Constitutional isomer

A

Same molecular forma, different connectivity (variety in the shape)

41
Q

Chirality

A

No mirror image. IDENTIFY CARBON ATTACHED TO 3 OR 4 DIFFERENT SUBSTITUENT for chiral carbons

42
Q

Achirality

A

Has mirror image

43
Q

MESO compound

A

Chiral carbons but have a plane of symmetry

44
Q

Stereoisomer

A

Same molecular formula but different location of atoms in space (2^n, n is the chiral center and represents how many stereoisomer)

45
Q

Enantiomer

A

Same shape but solid line and wedges are swapped

46
Q

Diasteriosmer

A

Shape shape but just at least ONE of the solid or dash

47
Q

Mirror method

A

Flip 1 to 1

48
Q

Wedge/dash method

A

Change solid to dash, dash to solid

49
Q

R

A

Clockwise spin (spin from highest priority AKA 1, go from highest atomic number)

50
Q

S

A

Counterclockwise spin (spin from highest priority AKA 1, go from highest atomic number)

51
Q

R & S result

A

Enantiomer

52
Q

S & S result

53
Q

R & R result

54
Q

Z

A

if 2 groups of high priority at the end of double bond on same side of molecule

55
Q

E

A

if 2 groups of high priority at the end of double bond on opposite end of molecule

56
Q

Nucleophile

A

Electron rich (has electrons to donate)

57
Q

Electrophil

A

Electron poor ( accepts electrons)

58
Q

Leaving group

A

Usually anion

59
Q

Sn1

A
  • Weak nucleophile
  • 3 degree > 2 degree
  • Polar protic solvent (H2O, ROH)
60
Q

Sn2

A
  • Strong nucleophile
  • 1 degree > 2 degree
  • Polar aprotic solvent (acetone, DMF)
61
Q

Polar protic solvent

A

H that binds to O, S, N

62
Q

Polar aprotic solvent

A

Not able to form hydrogen bonds cause no hydrogen bonded to electronegative atom

63
Q

Rate law for Sn1

A

First order (doubles) and k[subtrate] only cause not dependant on nucleophile concentration (carbocation)

64
Q

Rate law for Sn2

A

Depends on both substrate and nucleophile concentration (back side attack) k[nucleophile][substrate]

CHEM1110 (18 decks)

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