Over Time 20 Mark Flashcards
Social
The research evidence about obedicance hasn’t been seen to change over time. Milgrams baseline study showed 65% up to highest v and when revisited by burger in 2009, similar results were found that the men in the study,65% to highest v and out of all pp 70% went up to the highest voltage, which was 150v. Therefore, due the ideas about prejudice and the agentic state leading to blind obedicance haven’t changed over the years as research evidence still agrees.
However, there have been changes and adaptations to experimental procedures over time to overome ritisism and adapt procedures. Milgrams baseline study was criticised for breaching ethical guidelines, as the line of right to withdraw was blurry and the pp displayed high levels of moral strain to the point of one pp having a seizure. This procedure, was adapted by burger to adapt the procedure to take ethical considerations into account e.g right to withdraw given 3 times, once on paper. Therefore, procedure and experimental research has changed over time to minimise criticism and adapt to new information and limits set in place.
In social psychology, the explanation of the creation of prejudice has been modified over time. In 1966, realistic conflict theory explained that a series of events can form conflict between groups e.g conflict is sufficient. However, the results from robbers cave experiment displayed that conflict, in the form of name calling and camp raids, was manifested in the friction phase before the introduction of competition. This went on to support the theory of social identity theory in 1979, which explained that the formation of in groups was enough to create prejudice between groups. Therefore later theories display how out understanding of prejudice as changed over time due to new research studies and results that have led to adaptations in theories to give a more updated view of how prejudice is formed in modern society
Cognitive
Cognitive psychology has had many adaptations and advancements over time. In 1968, the multi store model of memory explained the 3 stores of memory: sensory store, short term store and the long term store. This was supported by case studies such as Clive wearing who supported the isolation of the storedand the need for elaborate rehersal in the STM in the hippocampus to encode into LTM. This was criticised for being too simplistic to explain all of memory and in 1972 tulvings long term memory changed the ideas of one LTM sotore and explained that there were two stores in the LTM, semantic (a mental encyclopaedia) and episodic (a mental diary), this was supported by baddleys study that found what 85% sematjcally dissimilar encoded into LTM and that the LTM encoded semantically, furhter prving that the MSMM was too simplistic to explain memory. Further adaptations were made in 1974 by baddley and hitch who explained the 3 seperate parts in the STM, the CE … the PL…. And the VSS, these claims were supported by research that found out that dual tasks were harder than useingone or the other due to difficulty in using two at the same time. To further on from this theory, the episodic buffer in 2000 which could integrate info into the LTM. Furthermore, due do advancements in neuroimaging techniques providing new info at a synaptic level, baddley theorised that the STM was an electrical impulse. Therefore, all of this shows that to improve and update the modern view of memory stores and encoding, cognitive psychology is constantly resoponidng to new research from case studies such as HM as well as new neuroimaging technologies, to gain a wider and more detailed appreciation of cognitive functioning
Learning
The application of research findings into stimulus response parring and conditioning theories had led to advancements and changes within treatments for phobias. Flooding technique works on the principles that an innate fear reaction will exhaust itself, when the fear response ends then the pp will not feel the same feat any more, this was criticised for causing unnsesary distress to the patients of the study as it creates a stressful and potentially psychologically harmful environment. There criticisms lead to changes over time to form a new treatment for phobias that took ethics into consideration in during the procedure. This method was proven to work by capafons for fear of flying as 90% of the control group showed a sig decrease in phobic symptoms. Therefore, this displays that the application of conditioning theories into therapies for phobias have addaped for modern day society and to minimise distress after responding to previous criticisms and changing to accommodate.
However, classical conditioning theory hasn’t changed over time. Watson and rarer in 1920 found that a boy was able to be cnditioned through stimulus response pariring with a white mouse and hitting a metal steel bar acting as an unconditied stimulus, that a response to a previously neutral stimulus could be conditioned. Agreeing results were found in 1927 by Pavlov when trying to condition salivation to a metronome, that the dogs could be conditioned though classical conditioning principles. Therefore this displays thta although the treatments for phobias have adapted with the change of time, classical conditioning theories haven’t adapted or changed over time and that the ability to condition a response through pairing of a stimulus and response is still applicable to modern society
Biological
In biological psychology, it is dynamic in its changes as new technologies and scientific advancements to support and shed new light on biological aspects are found out. There have been advancements in brain scanning techniques over time. MRI scans were adapted to fMRI scans due to advancements in resolution and clarity in the results. Due to higher accessibility leading to more findings being made, fMRI brain scans measure the rate of oxygen consumption and through that the activity of the brain regions, deoxygenated blood has an overall positive charge and fMRI scans pick up the positrons to measure oxygen consumption, then due to new advancements being developed over time of new neuroimaging technologies, CAT scanning has been developed which provide a higher resolution at a synaptic level, further being used to inform our knowledge on the action of neurotransmitters. Therefore, to accommodate and adapt to the rapid advancements of modern technology in labs, biological psychology is constantly changing to provide a more accurate explanation of biological factors being responsible for human behaviour.
As well as this, changes have been made to the theories of brain activity since Raine et als study on murderers pleading NGRI. The conclusions of the study explained that brain activity and lack of in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala predispose people to violent behaviour. This was added onto and adapted by Jim fallon who then after the study explained that there needs to be an enviromental trigger to manifest into agressive behaviour. Therefore, the idea if an interrelationship between enviroment and biological factors has been added over time to furhter explain the causes of aggression and adapt to criticism of a reductionist approach
Clinical
Clinical psychology has adapted over time to develop new treatments and adapt with advancements of technology. First generation, typical drugs e.g chloropromazine had critisisms to the negative side effects of taking the drug, it was explained that the drugs bound too tighlty to the receptors, causing side effects such as Parkinson’s symptoms e.g muscle regidity. There was a need for this too be adapted to reduce the side effects and 2nd generation, atypical drugs such as clozapine were developed which bound less tightly to receptors and had less severe side effects e.g weight loss. Therefore, there have been change over time to increase the quality of life of those who took the drugs and develop alongside new technologies about receptors and neuroimaging.
Furthermore, there have been changes made to the DSM after rosenhans study that concluded that the inane couldn’t be separated from the sane. The study’s aim to was to highlight the flaws in the DSM manual and the dignosis system and it put 8 pseudo patients in 12 institutions over North America. The results provided research evidence that there was a need for adaptations in the DSM as all of the pseudoatients were institutionalised. Therefore, the diagnosis manuals are constantly updated and reviewed to highlight possible flaws and to adapt alongside the rapid advancements of modern day society and the changes of social norms and accepted behaviour.
