ovarian pathology Flashcards
what are the 4 main types of ovarian cysts
benign, borderline, malignant or metastatic
what are the 3 main cell types tumours may arise from in the ovary
surface epithelium, germ cell, sex cord
suggested pathophysiology of the development of ovarian cancer and why this is relevant
believed to derive from surface epithelial irritation during ovulation -> the more ovulations that take place the increased risk of developing malignancy
name some risk factors for ovarian cancer
nulliparity, early menarche - late menopause, HRT with only oestrogen, smoking, obesity
genetics involved in ovarian cancer
BRCA 1+2, lynch syndrome
what are the 2 main types of benign, functional cysts
follicular cysts and corpus luteal cysts
name 3 types of pathological benign cysts
endometrioma
polycystic ovariea
theca lutein cyst
what cause a theca lutein cyst
consequence of markedly raised hCG
where are primary tumours commonly found for metastatic ovarian cancer
breast, pancreas, stomach and GI
what is a kruckenberg tumour
ovarian tumour with signet ring histology - metastatic from the stomach
what is the most common cell type cancer in the ovaries
epithelial ovarian tumours
how do epithelial ovarian tumours commonly spread
to the peritoneal cavity - bladder, paracolic gutters and the diaphragm
tumour marker for germ cell ovarian cancer
alpha-fetoprotein
how do germ cell ovarian tumours usually spread
via lymphatics
where do sex cord stromal tumours originate from
connective tissue
what are some protective factors against ovarian cancer
combined oral contraceptive pill
breastfeeding
pregnancy
who do germ cell ovarian tumours usually present in
younger women - pregnant women
clinical presentation of ovarian cancer
abdo pain, bloating, early satiety, change in bowel habits or urinary frequency
presentation of late stage ovarian cancer
ascites, pelvic back and abdo pain, palpable mass
bloods in suspected ovarian cancer
CA-125 levels
AFP and b-hCG levels
imaging in suspected ovarian cancer
initially ultrasound
CT for staging
what is the RMI in terms of ovarian cancer
risk of malignancy index
uses menopausal status, USS features and CA-125 to give a prediction of cancer risk
2 drugs used for chemotherapy in ovarian cancer
paclitaxel and carboplatin
