Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproduction and Sexual Health > ovarian cancer > Flashcards

ovarian cancer Flashcards

1
Q

ovarian pathology can cause?

A
  • pain
  • swelling
  • endocrine effects -> if neoplasm in ovary are producing hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 main pathological groups in the ovary?

A
  • cysts
  • endometriosis
  • tumours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 5 main groups where the cysts within the ovary can arise from?

A
  • follicular e.g. polycystic ovaries
  • luteal (corpus luteum)
  • endometriotic (secondary to endometrioma)
  • epithelial (lined by epithelial cells)
  • mesothelial (lined by mesothelial cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when can follicular cysts form?

A
  • when ovulation doesn’t occur (polycystic ovaries)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

do follicular cysts rupture?

A
  • don’t rupture but growth until they become a cyst
  • up to several cm in size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are follicular cysts lined by?

A
  • granulosa cells
  • thin walled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how long for a follicular cyst to resolve?

A
  • usually over a few months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is endmetriosis?

A
  • endometrial glands and stroma outside outside the uterine body
  • can occur within the ovary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the term given to endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium?

A

adenomyosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what can endometriosis cause?

A
  • pelvic inflammation - due to breakdown of the glands and stroma
  • infertility
  • pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where are common sites for endometriosis?

A
  • ovary - chocolate cyst
  • pouch of douglas
  • peritoneal surfaces, including uterus (serosa)
  • cervix, vulva, vagina
  • bladder, bowel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

underlying aetiology for endometriosis?

A
  • not well understood
  • regurgitation of endometrium through fallopian tubes?
  • metaplasia? 1 type of epithelium into another epithelium
  • vascular or lymphatic dissemination - gain access to outside uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

macroscopically what is seen in ovarian endometriosis?

A
  • peritoneal spots or nodules
  • fibrous adhesions
  • chocolate cysts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

microscopically what is seen in ovarian endometriosis?

A
  • endometrial glands and stroma
  • haemorrhage, inflammation, fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some complications of endometriosis?

A
  • pain
  • cyst formation
  • adhesions (inflammation can cause surfaces to stick to each other)
  • infertility - due to scarring of tube as a result of inflammation
  • ectopic pregnancy
  • malignancy - endometrioid carcinoma or clear cell carcinoma (arise from endometriotic cyst)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ovarian tumours can be solid or?

A
  • cystic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are 5 different classes of ovarian tumours?

A
  • epithelial
  • germ cell
  • sex cord/stromal
  • metastatic - breast or GI
  • miscellaneous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

understood that epithelial ovarian tumours arise from the mesothelial cell layer that lines the ovarian surface? true or false?

A
  • true and undergoes a metaplastic change to become

serous
mucinous
endometrioid
clear cell
brenner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

epithelial ovarian tumours are categorised as ….., ……, or …….

A

benign - no cytological abnormalities, no stromal invasion, no prolif absent
borderline - cytological abnormalities, prolif, no stromal invasion
malignant - stromal invasion !!!

-> borderline and malignant tumours will be staged according to the Figo staging system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

serous carcinoma have 2 distinct entities what are these?

A
  • high grade serous carcinoma
  • low grade serous carcinoma
21
Q

what is precursor for high grade serous carcinoma?

A
  • STIC - serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma
  • arisen from some abnormal cell in fallopian tube
22
Q

what is precursor for low grade serous carcinoma

A
  • serous borderline tumour
  • some atypia and some proliferation and goes on to develop invasive malignancy
  • less aggressive
23
Q

what are cytological abnormalities of high grade serous carcinoma within ovary?

A
  • lots of variation in nuclear size and shape
  • large multinucleated cell
  • within nuclei also prominent nucleoli
24
Q

what are similarities of high serous carcinoma in ovary and uterus?

A
  • p53 mutations
25
Q

what do endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma have an association with?

A
  • strong association with endometriosis of the ovary
  • also lynch syndrome - particularly clear cell carcinoma of the ovary
26
Q

how are endometrioid carcinomas graded in the ovary?

A
  • graded same as uterine tumours
  • most are low grade and early stage
27
Q

how is ovarian cancer diagnosed?

A
  • often made on ascitic fluid
  • also important to note once a diagnosis is made: to examine omentum for possible tumour deposits within that
28
Q

high grade serous carcinoma often presents in an advanced stage with what kind of involvement?

A
  • extensive peritoneal involvement
  • which causes ascites - tumour cells produce fluid in abdomen causing the bloating.
  • diagnosis often made bases off fluid
29
Q

what is a brenner tumour?

A
  • benign, tumour of transitional type epithelium, set within a fibrous stroma
  • found usually in urothelial tract - bladder, ureters and urethra, but can also be seen in ovary
  • borderline and malignant variants are rare
30
Q

how common are germ cell tumours?

A
  • 15-20% of all ovarian tumours
31
Q

what is the commonest germ cell tumour of the ovary?

A
  • mature cystic teratoma (benign)
  • 95% of germ cell tumours
32
Q

are germ cell tumours pluripotent true or false?

A
  • true
  • any line of differentiation
  • often find sebum, hair, skin, bone, teeth, cartilage etc
  • also known as ‘dermoid cyst’ but real name is mature cystic teratoma
33
Q

germ cell tumours have a high risk of malignancy true or false?

A

rarely become malignant
- somatic malignancy can arise in teratoma e.g. in skin of teratoma can see SCC, or thyroid ca

34
Q

name some other germ cell tumours other than mature cystic teratoma?

A
  • immature teratoma
  • dysgerminoma
  • yolk sac tumour
  • choriocarcinoma
  • mixed germ cell tumour
35
Q

most common malignant primitive germ cell tumour?

A
  • dysgerminoma
  • 1-2% of all malignant ovarian tumours
36
Q

what is a characteristic finding of a dysgerminoma on microscopy?

A
  • large primitive germ cells with scattered lymphocytes surrounding them
37
Q

what is the common presentation age of a dysgerminoma?

A
  • children and young women
  • avg age 22
38
Q

name 3 different types of sex cord/stromal tumours?

A
  • fibroma/thecoma (most common)
  • granulosa cell tumour
  • sertoli-leydig cell tumours
39
Q

fibromas are a benign sex cord tumour that may produce what hormone?

A
  • produce oestrogen causing uterine bleeding
40
Q

granulosa cells are considered potentially malignant true or false?

A
  • true
41
Q

sertoli-leydig cell tumours may produce what hormone?

A
  • androgens
42
Q

what is the most common mets for ovarian cancer?

A
  • stomach
  • colon
  • breast
  • pancreas
43
Q

what kind of presentation of ovarian cancer should you consider a metastatic tumour?

A
  • when tumours are BILATERAL and SMALL
44
Q

what staging is used for ovarian cancer?

A
  • Figo staging
45
Q

what kind of pathologies present in the fallopian tubes?

A
  • inflammation - termed salpingitis (due to infection - neutrophil polymorphs, lymphocytes, scarring or dilatation of tube)
  • cysts and tumours
  • serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (precursor to high grade serous carcinoma to tube or ovary)
  • endometriosis
  • ectopic pregnancy
46
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • implantation of a conceptus outside the endometrial cavity
  • commonest site is fallopian tube - due to fertilisation occuring here and the face that the tubes can be damaged due to PID, endometriosis -> scarring and loss of architecture - so ovum is not wafted into endometrial cavity
  • may occur in ovary or peritoneum
47
Q

what is an acute complication of an ectopic pregnancy in the fallopian tube?

A
  • fatal haemorrhage - of the fallopian tube
48
Q

what diagnosis should you consider in a female of reproductive age presenting with amenorrhoea and acute hypotension or an acute abdomen?

A
  • ectopic pregnancy
49
Q

what tumours can arise from endometriosis?

A
  • endometrioid and clear cell tumours

Reproduction and Sexual Health (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions