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Reproduction and Sexual Health > anatomy of female reproductive tract > Flashcards

anatomy of female reproductive tract Flashcards

1
Q

what structures lie within the pelvic cavity?

A
  • ovaries
  • uterine tubes
  • uterus
  • sup part of vagina
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2
Q

what structures lie within the perineum?

A
  • inf part of vagina
  • perineal muscles
  • bartholins glands
  • clitoris
  • labia
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3
Q

what is the pouch that sits between bladder and uterus?

A
  • vesico-uterine
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4
Q

what is the pouch that sits between uterus and rectum?

A
  • recto-uterine or pouch of douglas
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5
Q

what is the broad ligament of the uterus?

A
  • double layer of peritoneum
  • extends between uterus and lateral walls and floor of the pelvis
  • helps maintain uterus in its correct midline position
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6
Q

what is the round ligament?

A
  • it is an embryological remnant
  • attaches to lateral aspect of uterus
  • passes through deep inguinal ring to attach to superficial tissue of female perineum
  • proximal part is contained within broad ligament
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7
Q

name the 3 layers of the uterus?

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
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8
Q

what are two parts of uterus?

A
  • body or fundus
  • cervix
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9
Q

where does implantation of zygote occur?

A
  • body of uterus
    -> implantation anywhere else is considered as an ectopic pregnancy
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10
Q

what are the different positions of the uterus?

A
  • anteverted and anteflexed (most common) - sits over bladder and transverse

common variation:
- retroverted and retroflexed

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11
Q

what are the 3 levels of support of uterus?

A
  • uterosacral ligaments
  • endopelvic fascia
  • muscles of pelvis floor (levator ani)

weakness of these supports can result in uterine prolapse -> movement of uterus inferiorly

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12
Q

fertilisation occurs where?

A
  • in the ampulla
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13
Q

what is a bilateral salpingo-oophrectomy?

A
  • removal of both uterine tubes and ovaries
  • salpinx is greek for tube
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14
Q

what is a unilateral salpingectomy?

A
  • removal of one of the uterine tubes
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15
Q

where is the communication between genital tract and peritoneal cavity?

A
  • the fimbriated end of the uterine tubes (open into peritoneal cavity)
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16
Q

where are ovaries located?

A
  • almond sized and shaped, located laterally in the pelvic cavity
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17
Q

what do ovaries secrete?

A
  • oestrogen and progesterone in respond to ant pit hormones FSH and LH
  • develop on posterior abdom wall and move onto lateral wall of pelvis - round ligament of uterus
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18
Q

what is the vagina?

A

muscular tube whose walls are normally in contact
- except superiorly where cervix holds them apart

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19
Q

what are the 4 parts of the fornix?

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • 2x lateral
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20
Q

where is the smear taken from in cervical screening?

A
  • squamo columnar junction (transformation zone)
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21
Q

what is vaginal digital examation?

A
  • position of uterus can be palpated here
  • palpation of adnexae (uterine tubes and ovaries)
  • ischial spines

-> can detect large masses or tenderness affecting structures in the uterine tubes and ovaries
-> head of fetus
-> pudendal nerve block

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22
Q

what is levator ani?

A
  • skeletal muscle under voluntary control
  • forms majority of pelvic diaphragm
  • provides continual support for pelvis organs
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23
Q

what nerve supplies levator ani?

A
  • S3, S4, 5 sacral plexus
  • dual supply?
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24
Q

what is pernieum?

A
  • shallow space between pelvic diaphragm
    and skin
  • pelvic diaphragm forms floor of pelvis but roof of perineum
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25
Q

what is perineal body?

A
  • bundle of collagenous and elastic tissue into which perineal muscles attach
  • important for pelvic floor strength
    -> can be disrupted during labour
    -> located just deep to skin
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26
Q

what nerve supplies perineal muscles?

A
  • pudendal nerve
  • supplying both superficial and deep muscles
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27
Q

what do bartholins gland (greater vestibular gland) secrete?

A
  • secrete lubricating fluid

-> an enlarged bartholins gland e.g. as a result of infection

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28
Q

where does bed of breast extend from?

A
  • from ribs 2-6
  • lateral border of sternum to mix-axillary line
  • firmly attaches to skin via suspensory ligaments
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29
Q

where does breast tissue lie?

A
  • lies on deep fascia covering pec major and serratus anterior
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30
Q

where is retromammary space?

A
  • lies between fascia and breast
    -> not being able to move the breast can indicate cancer has invaded this space
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31
Q

where is blood supply and drainage of breast?

A

internal thoracic (internal mammary) -> subclavian -> axillary

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32
Q

where does over 75% of lymph drain?

A
  • drains to ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes and then to supraclavicular nodes
    -> axillary lymh nodes also drain majority of upper limb
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33
Q

where can lymph from inner breast quadrants drain to?

A
  • parasternal lymph nodes
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34
Q

where can lymph from lower inner breast quadrants drain to?

A
  • abdominal lymph nodes
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35
Q

what are the 3 levels of axillary clearance?

A
  • level I -> inferior and lateral to pec minor
  • level II -> deep to pec minor
  • level III -> sup and medial to pec minor
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36
Q

what is axillary clearance?

A

operation to remove most or all of lymph nodes under the arm

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37
Q

what is the 2 roles of the ovary?

A
  • produce gametes (oogenesis in females)
  • produce steroids, mainly oestrogens and progresterones (mainly progesterone)
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38
Q

the ovary is split into two structures what are these?

A

medulla and cortex

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39
Q

what does the medulla form?

A
  • forms core of the organ and contains loose connective tissue, contorted by arteries, veins and lymphatics and is continuous w hilum of organ
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40
Q

what is cortex made up of?

A
  • scattered ovarian follicles in a highly cellylar tissue stroma
  • outer ‘shell’ of cortex is dense connective tissue called tunina albuginea
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41
Q

what is the outer layer of cortex in ovary covered by?

A
  • single layer of cuboidal cells - called germinal epithelium
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42
Q

what group of arteries enter the hilum from the broad ligament to supply blood to the ovary?

A
  • helicine arteries
43
Q

name two separate layers of cortex of ovary

A
  • germinal epithelium - top layer
  • tunina albuginea
44
Q

what is oogenesis

A
  • development of oocytes, female germ cells, from oogonia
45
Q

what is folliculogenesis

A
  • growth of follicle which consists of the oocyte and any associated support cells
46
Q

what is atresia?

A
  • loss of oogonia and oocytes by an apoptosis-based process
  • cell is resorbed following cell death
47
Q
A
  • squamous (once united w the follicle it becomes cuboidal)
  • cuboidal
  • mul
48
Q

what is primordial follicle?

A
  • most immature stage of an ovarian’s follicle devlopment
  • oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat, supporting granulosa cells
49
Q

if the oocyte fails to associate with the pregranulosa cell (follicle cell) what will happen

A
  • the cell will die
50
Q

what are the cells found in between follicle cells and oocytes in this image?

A
  • stromal cells - surround follicles
51
Q

primary follicle is made up of what kind of cells?

A
  • cuboidal cells
52
Q

what is the zona pellucida?

A
  • layer of extracellular matrix, which forms a thin layer between the oocyte and granulosa cells (follicle cells on the periphery of the oocyte)
53
Q

the stromal cells form what initially?

A
  • theca folliculi
  • they then transform to form a layer called theca interna
54
Q

what does theca interna secrete?

A
  • oestrogen precursors - which will be converted to oestrogen by GC
55
Q

what is the antrum

A
  • as follicle enlarged, antrum - filled w follicular fluid - begins to form and enlarge in granulosa cell layer, forming a secondary follicle
  • now termed secondary follicle
56
Q

study

A
  • cover
57
Q

after ovulation, follicle transforms into what?

A
  • corpus luteum with theca and GC secreting oestrogen and progesterone, help preparing uterus for implntation
58
Q

if implantation does not occur, what does cell transform into?

A
  • white coloured connective tissue called corpus albicans
59
Q

if implantation does occur, placenta secretes what substance to prevent the degeneration of the corpus luteum

A
  • HCG
  • in turn maintains progesterone levels - thus maintaining pregnancy
60
Q

how does the ovum move down uterine tube?

A
  • by gentle peristalisis
  • and currents created by ciliated epithelium
61
Q

where does fertilisation occur?

A
  • occurs in ampulla and fertilized ovum is then transported to the uterus for implantation
62
Q

ampulla of the uterine tube is made up of what?

A
  • mucosa is highly folled and lined by simple columnar epithelium w ciliated and secretory cells
  • this is surrounded by SM
63
Q

how many laters of SM in ampulla?

A
  • 2
64
Q

how many layers in isthmus?

A
  • 3
65
Q

what is the innner secretory mucosa of the uterus called? (inner wall)

A
  • endometrium
  • shed during menstruation - made up of tubular secretory glands - embedded in connective tissue stroma
66
Q

what is the middle layer of uterine wall made up of?

A
  • coat of 3 SM layers - combined w collagen and elastic tissue
  • called myometrium
67
Q

what is outer wall of uterus called and what is it made up of?

A
  • loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium
  • called perimetrium
68
Q

uterus is divided into what two layers?

A
  • stratum functionalis - undergoes monthly growth degeneration and loss
  • stratum basalis - reserve tissue that regenerates the functionalis
69
Q

during proliferative phase occurs at what days

A
  • around day 5 - day 14 (until about 1 day after ovulation)
70
Q

what occurs during the proliferative phase?

A
  • stratum basalis proliferates and glands, stroma and vasculature grow -> increasing the thickness of the endometrium by reconstituting the stratum functionalis
71
Q

what occurs during the proliferative phase?

A
  • stratum basalis proliferates and glands, stroma and vasculature grow -> increasing the thickness of the endometrium by reconstituting the stratum functionalis
72
Q

the secretory phase occurs during which days

A
  • around day 14 to day 28
73
Q

what happens to endometrium during the secretory phase?

A
  • the glands become coiled w a corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen
74
Q

what occurs in the endometrium during the menstrual phase?

A
  • the arterioles in the stratum functionalis undergo constriction, depriving the tissue of blood causing ischaemia
  • resultant tissue breakdown, leakage of blood and tissue sloughing
75
Q

what is the cervix and what is it composed of?

A
  • short cylinder w a small lumen that projects into the upper vagina
  • composed of mostly fibrous CT covered by stratified squamous epithelium on its vaginal surface. transitions to mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium
76
Q

what is the transition zone of the cervix?

A
  • common site of dysplasia
  • neoplastic changes leading to cervical cancer, most frequently occur in this transition zone
77
Q

the mucous secreting epthelium of the cervix forms glands called?

A
  • endocervical glands
  • secretions vary from thin and watery in proliferative phase i.e. for passage of sperm to thick following ovulation
  • outlets of glands can become blocked forming a nabothian cyst
78
Q

the vagina forms 4 layers what are these?

A
  • non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelum
  • lamina propria
  • fibromuscular layer
  • adventitia
79
Q

what is lamina propria layer of vagina made up of?

A
  • CT rich in elastic fibres and thin walled blood vessels
80
Q

what is fibromuscular layer of vagina made up of?

A
  • inner circular and outer longitudinal SM
81
Q

stratified squamous epthelium of the vagina accumulated what substance?

A
  • glycogen
  • commensal bacteria metabolizes the glycogen to lactic acid - inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria
82
Q

stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina accumulated what substance?

A
  • glycogen
  • commensal bacteria metabolizes the glycogen to lactic acid - inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria
83
Q

what is the mons pubis?

A
  • structure that overlies the pubic symphysis
  • contains highly oblique hair follicles
84
Q

what is the labia majora?

A
  • extensions of the mons pubis, rich in apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands and has small bundles of SM
  • hair follicles on the outer surface, but not the inner
85
Q

what is the labia minora?

A
  • skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles, but are rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands secreting directly onto the surface of the skin
86
Q

what is clitoris composed of?

A
  • two tubes of erectile vascular tissue (corpora cavernosa), covered by a fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin with rich innervation and a thin epidermis
87
Q

what kind of gland is the breast?

A
  • it is a subcutaenous gland
  • secretory tissue of the breast is made up of 15-25 lobes
88
Q

what kind of gland do the lobes of the breast contain?

A
  • a compound tubulo-acinar gland
  • drains via a series of ducts leading to the nipple

adjacent to the secretory lobules is dense fibrous tissue - which in turn is surrounded by adipose tissue

89
Q

amongst the fibrous connective tissue, what else is the breast composed of?

A
  • suspensory ligaments - extend from the dermis of the skin to the deep fascia overlying the muscle of the anterior chest wall.
  • often most pronounced in the upper breast and thought to support the breast tissue
90
Q

amongst the fibrous connective tissue, what else is the breast composed of?

A
  • suspensory ligaments - extend from the dermis of the skin to the deep fascia overlying the muscle of the anterior chest wall.
  • often most pronounced in the upper breast and thought to support the breast tissue
91
Q

describe the duct system of the breast?

A

the terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) is a basic functional secretory unit of the breast
- in the non-lactating breast, terminal ductules(or acini) lead into an intralobular collecting duct which leads into the lactiferious duct for that lobe
- the lactiferous duct leads to the nipple, passing through an expanded duct region near the nipple termed the lactiferous sinus

92
Q

what kind of connective tissue surrounds the lobule?

A
  • dense fibrocollagenous connective tissue
    -> looser connective tissue surrounds the acini within the lobule - allowing the rapid expansion in pregnancy
  • adipose tissue is also between lobules
93
Q

what structures line the acini?

A
  • secretory epithelial cells line the acini - vary from cuboidal to columnar
  • secretory cells of the acinus are surrounded by myoepithelial cells (MEp)
  • pink on histology
94
Q

what are larger ducts e.g. lactiferous duct lined by?

A
  • lined by an epithelium that varies from a thin stratified squamous to stratified cuboidal
95
Q

the nipple is covered by what kind of epithelium?

A
  • thin, highly pigmented, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
96
Q

what is the core of the nipple composed of?

A
  • it has a core of dense irregular connective tissue mixed w bundles of smooth muscle
97
Q

what changes occur in the breast during menstrual cycle even in the absence of pregnancy?

A
  • during the luteal phase the epithelial cells increase in height
  • the lumina of the ducts become enlarged and small amounts of secretions appear in the ducts
98
Q

what occurs to breast in first trimester of pregnancy?

A
  • in the first trimester there is elongation and branching of the smaller ducts, combined with proliferation of the epithelial cells of the glands and the myoepithelial cells
99
Q

what occurs to breast in second trimester of pregnancy?

A
  • in the second trimester - glandular tissue continues to develop w differentiation of secretory alveoli
  • plasma cells and lymphocytes infiltrate the nearby connective tissue
100
Q

what occurs to the breast in the third trimester of pregnancy?

A
  • in the third trimester secretory alveoli continue to mature, with development of extensive rER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)

-> these changes are also accompanied by a reduction in CT and adipose tissue present

101
Q

during pregnancy what hormones stimulate the proliferation of secretory tissue in the breast?

A
  • oestrogen
  • progesterone
102
Q

what is S and D in this image?

A
  • S = septa of connective tissue
  • D - interlobular duct
103
Q

what is TDLU and P in this image?

A
  • TDLU = total duct lobular unit
  • P = plasma cell
104
Q

what is M and Ly in this image?

A
  • myoepithelial cell
  • lymphocyte

Reproduction and Sexual Health (29 decks)

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