Outline 6 ( Reason and the Birth of the Modern World: Religious Reform, Science, and Enlightenment) Flashcards
What was the timespan of the Reformations and religious wars occurring in Europe?
1517-1648
When did the New Science take place?
17th century
When did the Enlightenment take place?
18th century
What was the emphasis of the Reformation?
Each individual Christian’s ability to work out salvation based on reading Scripture and applying reason
What was the New Science?
Emergence of new epistemology based on reason, observation, and experimentation
What were some triggering factors of the Protestant Reformation?
Corruption within the Catholic church, decline of papal authority, a want for greater emphasis on individual Christians and community instead of church hierarchy, and Christian humanism (new interpretations of Scripture)
Who was Martin Luther?
A lawyer turned monk who lived in the Holy Roman Empire from 1483-1546.
What is Luther’s background?
He had an interest in Christian humanism, and was especially convinced that salvation is by faith alone (Romans 3). He wrote 95 theses about concerns within the church as an attempt to open up debate about indulgences and other corrupt practices.
How did the church respond to Luther’s theses?
They started an inquisition against Luther to capture him and make him recant.
What happened to Luther after writing his theses?
In 1520, a papal bull was issued to make Luther recant or else be excommunicated. He would not recant at the Diet of Worms in 1521, so was excommunicated. He was protected by the prince of Saxony, and lived as an outlaw, translating the New Testament into German as well as continuing his other Biblical research.
What reforms are associated with Luther?
Individual Christianity, authority of Scripture and reason, social and education reforms, rid church of corrupt practices that were only for profit
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
Zwingli was a Swiss theologian who lived from 1484-1531, advocating a literal, legalistic reading of the Bible. He established a theocratic society at Zurich, and the Anabaptists emerged from his teaching.
What are some denominations thought to have derived from the Anabaptists?
Churches of Christ, Baptists, Mennonites
Who was John Calvin?
A French priest that lived from 1509-1564 who founded a theocratic society at Geneva. He is well-known for his belief in predestination, and writing of “The Institutes of Christian Religion” (1536) that spelled out what he believed to be essential Christian doctrine.
Who took Calvinism to Scotland?
John Knox
How did religious reform occur in England?
Protestantism was advocated from the top down, with King Henry the 8th using it as an excuse to break with Rome. He made minor doctrinal changes, leading to the Anglican religion
