Outline 6 ( Reason and the Birth of the Modern World: Religious Reform, Science, and Enlightenment) Flashcards
What was the timespan of the Reformations and religious wars occurring in Europe?
1517-1648
When did the New Science take place?
17th century
When did the Enlightenment take place?
18th century
What was the emphasis of the Reformation?
Each individual Christian’s ability to work out salvation based on reading Scripture and applying reason
What was the New Science?
Emergence of new epistemology based on reason, observation, and experimentation
What were some triggering factors of the Protestant Reformation?
Corruption within the Catholic church, decline of papal authority, a want for greater emphasis on individual Christians and community instead of church hierarchy, and Christian humanism (new interpretations of Scripture)
Who was Martin Luther?
A lawyer turned monk who lived in the Holy Roman Empire from 1483-1546.
What is Luther’s background?
He had an interest in Christian humanism, and was especially convinced that salvation is by faith alone (Romans 3). He wrote 95 theses about concerns within the church as an attempt to open up debate about indulgences and other corrupt practices.
How did the church respond to Luther’s theses?
They started an inquisition against Luther to capture him and make him recant.
What happened to Luther after writing his theses?
In 1520, a papal bull was issued to make Luther recant or else be excommunicated. He would not recant at the Diet of Worms in 1521, so was excommunicated. He was protected by the prince of Saxony, and lived as an outlaw, translating the New Testament into German as well as continuing his other Biblical research.
What reforms are associated with Luther?
Individual Christianity, authority of Scripture and reason, social and education reforms, rid church of corrupt practices that were only for profit
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
Zwingli was a Swiss theologian who lived from 1484-1531, advocating a literal, legalistic reading of the Bible. He established a theocratic society at Zurich, and the Anabaptists emerged from his teaching.
What are some denominations thought to have derived from the Anabaptists?
Churches of Christ, Baptists, Mennonites
Who was John Calvin?
A French priest that lived from 1509-1564 who founded a theocratic society at Geneva. He is well-known for his belief in predestination, and writing of “The Institutes of Christian Religion” (1536) that spelled out what he believed to be essential Christian doctrine.
Who took Calvinism to Scotland?
John Knox
How did religious reform occur in England?
Protestantism was advocated from the top down, with King Henry the 8th using it as an excuse to break with Rome. He made minor doctrinal changes, leading to the Anglican religion
How are Protestantism and capitalism related?
Both have a relationship to individualism, thrift, and industry
What ways did Protestantism influence society?
Contribution to philosophy and politics, an orderly society, changes in institution of marriage, position of women as primarily wives and mothers, encouraged literacy and education
What was the Council of Trent?
A council held by the Catholic church from 1545-1563 with the main goal of reaffirming Catholic doctrine, but also ridding the church of some corruption
What were some of the things reaffirmed by the Council of Trent?
Supremacy of clerical authority over laity, transubstantiation, divorce, papal supremacy, priestly celibacy
What were some Tridentine reforms?
Papal supervision of clergy, clerical morality, marriage of clergy, attention to needs of individual Christians
Who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)?
Ignatius of Loyola, and the society’s specialization is in global mission efforts
Who was involved in the revolt in the Holy Roman Empire during 1540-1555?
The HOly Roman Emperor (Catholic) vs. German Princes (Protestant)
When did religious revolt occur in the Netherlands and who was involved?
It occurred from 1566-1576, involving the Protestant Dutch subjects and the Catholic Emperor (Spanish King Phillip the Second)
In what year did the English Protestants defeat Phillip’s Spanish Armada?
1588
Who was involved in the French Wars of Religion?
A Calvinist Huguenot minority (heavily persecuted) vs. Catholic majority
When was the 30 years War?
1618-1648
What was the gist of the 30 years War?
It was a Catholic/Protestant conflict that began in the Holy Roman Empire but eventually drew in all of Europe, bankrupting monarchies and ruining land and people.
What ended the 30 years War?
The dire economic, societal, and governmental effects caused European rulers to end the religious dispute with the Peace of Westphalia (1648) stating that religion cannot act as a basis for war between European states
What should we see Science and the New Epistemology as?
A search for a new source of authority, coherence, and truth outside of religious identity
Who were 3 major thinkers who caused change in cosmology?
Copernicus with heliocentrism, Kepler with planetary motion, and Galileo with the rotation of the earth
How was the understanding of the human body changed?
It was viewed as mechanical and understandable, especially with the discovery of the heart as a pump by William Harvey
What is Francis Bacon known for?
The scientific method, and his focus on empiricism and experimentation
What is Isaac Newton known for?
Writing the “Principia Mathematica” (1687)- he was an Anglican with a Deist view of the universe
What is the Enlightenment?
A new age of reason and understanding
When did 3 of the major revolutions occur?
English/Glorious Revolution in 1688, American Revolution in 1776, and the French Revolution in 1789
What was the epicenter of the Enlightenment?
Paris, france
What were some venues for the Enlightenment?
Salons, coffeehouses, masonic lodges, and the print culture (newspapers and clandestine/secret literature)
What is the main focus of the Enlightenment?
Skepticism and criticism through reason, as well as a return to the classics
What were enlightenment thinkers called?
Philosophes
