Outcome Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Name the 3 types of muscles
A
- striated (skeletal) 2. smooth 3. cardiac
2
Q
List examples of long bones.
A
humerus, ulna and radius, femur, tibia and fibula
3
Q
List examples of short bones.
A
carpals, tarsals
4
Q
List examples of flat bones.
A
scapula, ribs, pelvis
5
Q
List examples of sesamoid (irregular) bones
A
patella
6
Q
Immovable joints
A
synarthrodial
7
Q
Slightly movable joints
A
amphiarthrodial
8
Q
Freely movable joints
A
diarthrodial
9
Q
Strong, tough cords of dense connective tissue that usually attach muscle to bone
A
tendons
10
Q
Tough, dense, fibrous bands of connective tissue that hold bones together
A
ligaments
11
Q
Flat band of tissue covering and separating muscle layers
A
fascia
12
Q
Semi smooth, dense, supporting connective tissue
A
cartilage
13
Q
Closed sacs or cavities of synovial fluid
A
bursa
14
Q
Chronic pain condition associated with stiffness and tenderness affecting muscles, tendons & joints throughout the body
A
fibromyalgia
15
Q
Identified according to eighteen tender points used in diagnosis (pain at 11 of 18 points is a positive diagnosis)
A
fibromyalgia
16
Q
Treatment excludes other conditions that can cause pain in multiple areas
A
fibromyalgia
17
Q
No cure but stress reduction, physical activity and medical combinations help manage symptoms
A
fibromyalgia
18
Q
Exaggerated inward curvature of spine
A
lordosis
19
Q
Generally caused by excessive abdominal weight gain and mass from pregnancy/obesity/tumors
A
lordosis
20
Q
Treatment: weight loss/exercises to strengthen abdominal muscles; infant delivery
A
lordosis
21
Q
An abnormal outward curvature of the spine
A
kyphosis
22
Q
Most common cause is collapsed vertebrae in older people w osteoporosis
A
kyphosis
23
Q
When kyphosis occurs in young children it is thought to be _______
A
developmental
24
Q
Treatment includes exercises to strengthen muscles and ligaments, back braces, spinal fusion if the respiratory and/or cardiac systems are compromised
A
kyphosis
25
A lateral (sideways) curvature of spine
scoliosis
26
Treatment for mild _____ is exercise to strengthen weak muscles and back braces
scoliosis
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_ scoliosis requires surgery to decrease the curve and realign and stabilize the spine
severe
28
Most common form of arthritis associated with aging; breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage of one or more joints
osteoarthritis
29
Treatment: reduce inflammation, minimize pain, maintain joint function; a total joint replacement may be required
osteoarthritis
30
Lyme disease is an infectious disease spread by ______ bacterium
spirochete
31
Affects the skin, joints, heart and nervous system, and can initially present as influenza-like symptoms
lyme disease
32
Caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted to human through tick bites
lyme disease
33
Characterized by red, itchy rash with a red circle center (“bull’s eye” rash or “target lesion”)
lyme disease
34
Lyme disease should be treated early with _____ to avoid organ-threatening consequences
doxycycline
35
Inflammation of a bursa that may cause “point tenderness”
bursitis
36
Chronic bursitis can lead to _____ and \_\_\_\_\_
calcifications and adhesions
37
Caused by continual or excessive friction between the bursae and surrounding tissues
bursitits
38
May be caused by systemic diseases, and infection and overuse of a joint
bursitis
39
Treatment includes rest, immobilization, moist heat, aspirin or acetaminophen for pain, NSAIDS, local injection of corticosteroid, ROM exercises, surgical excision of bursa and calcified deposits if severe
bursitis
40
A serious infection of bone that requries aggressive antibiotic treatment
osteomyelitis
41
Fractured, dead pieces of bone surrounded by purulent material that can be caused by osteomyelitis
sequestrum
42
Caused by bacterial organisms (90% of cases are staph aureus), and rarely viruses and fungi
osteomyelitis
43
Treatment is extensive, long term antibiotic treatment; may require surgical drainage to remove sequestrum, which could need bone grafting for repair
osteomyelitis
44
A chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism that manifests an acute, episodic form of arthritis
gout
45
Gout typically affects the first ______ of the big toe
metatarsal joint
46
\_\_\_\_ can cause kidney stones
gout
47
Most often caused by an inherited metabolic abnormality that causes the build up of uric acid in the tissues
gout
48
Treatment includes rest and immobilization, cold packs, dietary modifications, antihyperuricemic medications
gout
49
Chronic bone disorder resulting in enlarged, deformed bones due to irregular breakdown/formation of bone tissue of unknown cause
Paget’s Disease – Osteitis Deformans
50
Only treated if symptomatic; treatment includes analgesics, antiinflammatories, cytotoxic agents and calcitonin
paget's disease or osteitis deformans
51
Paget's Disease occurs in which two stages?
1. vascular stage 2. sclerotic stage
52
Paget's disease stage where bone tissue is broken down but spaces filled with blood vessels/fibrous tissue instead of new bone
vascular stage
53
Paget's disease stage where vascular fibrous tissue hardens and becomes similar to bone, but it is fragile
sclerotic stage
54
A group of inherited conditions causing excessive length of extremities and abnormal connective tissue; arm and legs are excessively long
Marfan's syndrome
55
Also causes: subluxation of the lens of the eye, scoliosis, hyperextensible joints, mitral valve prolapse and thickening of heart valves, aortic aneurysm
Marfan's syndrome
56
Caused by autosomal dominant inheritance; 50% chance children of affected parents will have the disorder
Marfan's syndrome
57
Any abnormal growth in the bone
bone tumors
58
List the 3 types of primary tumors.
1. chondrogenic 2. osteogenic 3. fibrogenic
59
Primary tumors most often occur in _____ during a growth spurt
adolescents
60
Common metastases from breast, lung, prostate, thyroid, and kidney primary cancers
secondary bone tumors
61
What are the most common forms of bone tumors?
Most common forms are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma
62
Treatment is surgical excision; goal is limb-sparing surgery, but amputation may be necessary; chemo and/or radiotherapy may also be done
bone tumors
63
Benign tumors or malignant (tumors grow and metastasize rapidly) sarcomas of the muscle
muscle tumors
64
Most commonly affect the extremities, head and neck, trunk, and retroperitoneum; anywhere with smooth muscle
muscle tumors
65
Risk factors include radiation treatment for prior cancer, and certain chemical exposures
muscle tumors
66
Treatment is the same as bone tumors
muscle tumors
67
Loss of normal bone mass/density that leads to porous bone that becomes “compressible” rather than dense
osteoporosis
68
Occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women; other risk factors include previous radiation treatments, malabsorption, smoking, alcohol abuse, calcium wasting nephropathy, immobility, chronic diseases
osteoporosis
69
Treatment includes increased intake of calcium and Vitamin D, estrogen replacement therapy, biphosponate medications, weight-bearing moderate exercise
osteoporosis
70
Defective mineralization of the bones, causing them to be soft, flexible, deformed
osteomalacia/rickets
71
\_\_\_\_\_ occurs in adults while ____ occurs in children
osteomalacia, rickets
72
Caused by either deficiency or ineffective use of Vitamin D
osteomalacia/rickets
73
Treated with vitamin D supplements and management of underlying disorders
osteomalacia/rickets
74
Medical term for bunion
hallux valgus
75
Localized area of enlargement of the inner portion of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint at the base of the big toe
hallux valgus/bunion
76
Caused by midline position of great toe toward the midline of the body
hallux valgus/bunion
77
Contributing factors include rheumatoid arthritis, flatfoot, improperly fitting or high-heeled shoes, familial tendency
hallux valgus/bunion
78
Treatment may include surgery if conservative measures don’t work
hallux valgus/bunion
79
A stiff big toe developing as a result of degeneration of the cartilage of the first MTP joint
hallux rigidus
80
Caused by injury and arthritis
hallux rigidus
81
Treatment includes antiinflammatories, wearing shoes with thick, hard soles and low heels, cheilectomy, arthrodesis (fusion)
hallux rigidus
82
Condition where one of the four lesser toe--most often the second toe--bends upward due to an abnormal flexion of the PIP joint
hammer toe
83
Congenital condition; can be exacerbated by wearing shoes that are too short, too pointy, or have high heels, underlying arthritis
hammer toe
84
Treatment includes splinting, possibly arthroplasty with fusion of the PIP joint
hammer toe
85
Stress on bone resulting from traumatic insult to the musculoskeletal system, really severe muscle spasms, or bone disease
fractures (see handout for specific types)
86
Fracture fully contained within tissue
closed/simple fracture
87
Fracture with bone exposed out of tissue
open/compound fracture
88
Caused by force, external or internal that disrupts the continuity of a bone
fracture
89
List 13 types of fracture disruptions.
1. longitudinal 2. transverse 3. oblique 4. greenstick 5. comminuted 6. impact 7. pathologic 8. non-displaced 9. displaced 10. spiral 11. compression 12. avulsion 13. depression
90
Fracture that follows long axis of bone
longitudinal
91
Fracture at right angles to bone
transverse
92
Fracture at an angle
oblique
93
Bend/partway fracture that occurs mostly in children
greenstick
94
Pieces of fracture
comminuted
95
Forced fracture; driving bone usually in joint
Impacted
96
Fracture due to a diseased bone and not by force
pathologic
97
Fracture with bone aligned
non-displaced
98
Fracture with bone misaligned
displaced
99
Fracture wraps around bone, breaking as it twists
spiral
100
Fracture where tendon snaps
avulsion
101
Fracture where piece has fallen inward
depression
102
How are simple fractures of long bones treated?
reduction and immobilization
103
How are compound fractures treated?
cleaning, debriding, reduction, immobility, ORIF (open reduction internal fixation)
104
Injured tendons, muscles or other tissues resulting from overuse, overstretching, or excessive forcible stretching of the tissue beyond its functional capacity
strains
105
Acute partial tear of ligament
sprains
106
What are the three classifications of sprains?
first/second/third grade or degree
107
Caused by acute or cumulative (chronic) trauma
strains and sprains
108
Treated through elevation, rest, ice, immobilization, analgesics and anti-inflammatories, surgery for large tears or those healed improperly
sprains and strains
109
Forcible displacement of a bone from its joint, causing loss of joint function
dislocations
110
Caused by severe injury which may also cause a fracture; congenital joint weakness, arthritis complications, recurrent dislocations of previously dislocated joint
dislocations
111
Treatment includes relocating, immobilization and surgery in severe cases
dislocations
112
Limited range of movement of a shoulder joint due to inflammation, scarring, thickening and shrinkage of the capsule surrounding the shoulder joint
adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder
113
Caused by inflammation of joint capsule with secondary scarring, usually following a slight injury or minor problem such as bursitis or tendonitis
adhesive capsulitis
114
Treatment includes moving to prevent permanent immobility and shoulder manipulation under a general anesthetic if severe
adhesive capsulitis
115
Tendon torn completely into two sections, preventing the muscle from moving a body part
severed tendon
116
Caused by injury, overstretching or laceration
severed tendon
117
Treatment includes tenorrhaphy; may require a large incision to retrieve both ends of the tendon
severed tendon
118
Inflammation of the periosteum, extensor muscles of the lower leg, and the surrounding tissue
shin splints
119
Caused by overuse or over-pronation
shin splints
120
Treatment includes rest, ice and/or heat, anti-inflammatory, physiotherapy, orthotic insertions or shoes
shin splints
121
Inflammation of bottom of the heel or calcaneus; may produce calcaneal spurs
plantar fasciitis
122
Spike-like projections of new bone
calcaneal spurs
123
Occurs when part of the inflexible fascia is repeatedly placed under tension, with several contributing factors
plantar fasciitis
124
Treatment includes rest, ice and/or heat, anti-inflammatory, physiotherapy, orthotic insertions or shoes
plantar fasciitis
125
Benign, sac-like swelling, or cyst filled with colorless jelly formed from tissue that lines a joint or tendon
ganglion
126
Cause is idiopathic; may be a sign of arthritis in the adjacent joint
ganglion
127
Not normally treated unless required; if needed, includes rupture by applying firm pressure, needle aspiration or ganglionectomy
ganglion
128
Crack or fissure to the meniscus cartilage in knee joint
torn meniscus
129
Most often related to sports injury where there was a sudden twisting or external rotation of the leg with a flexed knee
torn meniscus
130
In severe cases, treated with arthroscopic surgery and meniscectomy may be required
torn meniscus
131
Tear of any of the four tendons of the rotator cuff
rotator cuff tears
132
The muscles around the shoulder
rotator cuff
133
Caused mostly by acute trauma; degeneration due to age that causes calcium deposits
rotator cuff tears
134
Treatment includes managing acute pain with narcotics, rest, physiotherapy and surgical repair
rotator cuff tears
135
Fracture that is a collapse of a vertebra
compression
136
Examples of types of joint
shoulder (ball and socket)
diarthrosis
137
Examples of types of joints
cranial sutures
synarthrodial
138
Examples of types of joints.
intervertebral joints
amphiarthrodial
139
Examples of types of joints.
elbow
hinge joint
diarthrosis
140
Examples of types of joints
pubic symphysis
amphiarthrodial
141
Examples of types of joints
wrist
ellipsoidal joints
diarthrosis
142
1. cranium
2. facial bones
3. clavicle
143
name parts
4. scapula
5. humerus
6. xiphoid process
144
7. radius
8. ulna
9. carpals
10. metacarpals
11. phalanges
145
12. femur
13. tibia
14. tarsals
15. phalanges
146
16. metatarsals
17. fibula
18. patella (sesamoid)
147
19. pubic
20. ischium
21. coccyx
22. sacrum
23. ilium
148
24. vertebral column
25. costal cartilage
26. ribs
27. sternum
28. mandible
149
Name this type of muscle
skeletal muscles
150
Name this type of muscle.
smooth muscles
151
Name this type of muscle.
cardiac muscles
152
top: cranium
middle: facial bones
bottom: mandible
153
top: sternum
middle: costal cartilage
bottom: vertebral column
154
top: ilium
middle: pelvis
bottom: sacrum
155
calcaneus
156
top: tarsals
middle: metatarsals
bottom: phalanges
157
top: patella
middle: fibula
bottom: tibia
158
top: femur
bottom: patella
159
top: carpals
middle: metacarpals
bottom: phalanges
160
left: ulna
right: radius
161
top to bottom:
clavicle
scapula
humerus
ribs
