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Z. PATH 1 > Outcome Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Outcome Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 types of muscles

A
  1. striated (skeletal) 2. smooth 3. cardiac
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2
Q

List examples of long bones.

A

humerus, ulna and radius, femur, tibia and fibula

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3
Q

List examples of short bones.

A

carpals, tarsals

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4
Q

List examples of flat bones.

A

scapula, ribs, pelvis

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5
Q

List examples of sesamoid (irregular) bones

A

patella

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6
Q

Immovable joints

A

synarthrodial

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7
Q

Slightly movable joints

A

amphiarthrodial

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8
Q

Freely movable joints

A

diarthrodial

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9
Q

Strong, tough cords of dense connective tissue that usually attach muscle to bone

A

tendons

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10
Q

Tough, dense, fibrous bands of connective tissue that hold bones together

A

ligaments

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11
Q

Flat band of tissue covering and separating muscle layers

A

fascia

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12
Q

Semi smooth, dense, supporting connective tissue

A

cartilage

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13
Q

Closed sacs or cavities of synovial fluid

A

bursa

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14
Q

Chronic pain condition associated with stiffness and tenderness affecting muscles, tendons & joints throughout the body

A

fibromyalgia

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15
Q

Identified according to eighteen tender points used in diagnosis (pain at 11 of 18 points is a positive diagnosis)

A

fibromyalgia

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16
Q

Treatment excludes other conditions that can cause pain in multiple areas

A

fibromyalgia

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17
Q

No cure but stress reduction, physical activity and medical combinations help manage symptoms

A

fibromyalgia

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18
Q

Exaggerated inward curvature of spine

A

lordosis

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19
Q

Generally caused by excessive abdominal weight gain and mass from pregnancy/obesity/tumors

A

lordosis

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20
Q

Treatment: weight loss/exercises to strengthen abdominal muscles; infant delivery

A

lordosis

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21
Q

An abnormal outward curvature of the spine

A

kyphosis

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22
Q

Most common cause is collapsed vertebrae in older people w osteoporosis

A

kyphosis

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23
Q

When kyphosis occurs in young children it is thought to be _______

A

developmental

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24
Q

Treatment includes exercises to strengthen muscles and ligaments, back braces, spinal fusion if the respiratory and/or cardiac systems are compromised

A

kyphosis

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25
Q

A lateral (sideways) curvature of spine

A

scoliosis

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26
Q

Treatment for mild _____ is exercise to strengthen weak muscles and back braces

A

scoliosis

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27
Q

______ scoliosis requires surgery to decrease the curve and realign and stabilize the spine

A

severe

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28
Q

Most common form of arthritis associated with aging; breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage of one or more joints

A

osteoarthritis

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29
Q

Treatment: reduce inflammation, minimize pain, maintain joint function; a total joint replacement may be required

A

osteoarthritis

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30
Q

Lyme disease is an infectious disease spread by ______ bacterium

A

spirochete

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31
Q

Affects the skin, joints, heart and nervous system, and can initially present as influenza-like symptoms

A

lyme disease

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32
Q

Caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted to human through tick bites

A

lyme disease

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33
Q

Characterized by red, itchy rash with a red circle center (“bull’s eye” rash or “target lesion”)

A

lyme disease

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34
Q

Lyme disease should be treated early with _____ to avoid organ-threatening consequences

A

doxycycline

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35
Q

Inflammation of a bursa that may cause “point tenderness”

A

bursitis

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36
Q

Chronic bursitis can lead to _____ and _____

A

calcifications and adhesions

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37
Q

Caused by continual or excessive friction between the bursae and surrounding tissues

A

bursitits

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38
Q

May be caused by systemic diseases, and infection and overuse of a joint

A

bursitis

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39
Q

Treatment includes rest, immobilization, moist heat, aspirin or acetaminophen for pain, NSAIDS, local injection of corticosteroid, ROM exercises, surgical excision of bursa and calcified deposits if severe

A

bursitis

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40
Q

A serious infection of bone that requries aggressive antibiotic treatment

A

osteomyelitis

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41
Q

Fractured, dead pieces of bone surrounded by purulent material that can be caused by osteomyelitis

A

sequestrum

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42
Q

Caused by bacterial organisms (90% of cases are staph aureus), and rarely viruses and fungi

A

osteomyelitis

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43
Q

Treatment is extensive, long term antibiotic treatment; may require surgical drainage to remove sequestrum, which could need bone grafting for repair

A

osteomyelitis

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44
Q

A chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism that manifests an acute, episodic form of arthritis

A

gout

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45
Q

Gout typically affects the first ______ of the big toe

A

metatarsal joint

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46
Q

____ can cause kidney stones

A

gout

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47
Q

Most often caused by an inherited metabolic abnormality that causes the build up of uric acid in the tissues

A

gout

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48
Q

Treatment includes rest and immobilization, cold packs, dietary modifications, antihyperuricemic medications

A

gout

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49
Q

Chronic bone disorder resulting in enlarged, deformed bones due to irregular breakdown/formation of bone tissue of unknown cause

A

Paget’s Disease – Osteitis Deformans

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50
Q

Only treated if symptomatic; treatment includes analgesics, antiinflammatories, cytotoxic agents and calcitonin

A

paget’s disease or osteitis deformans

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51
Q

Paget’s Disease occurs in which two stages?

A
  1. vascular stage 2. sclerotic stage
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52
Q

Paget’s disease stage where bone tissue is broken down but spaces filled with blood vessels/fibrous tissue instead of new bone

A

vascular stage

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53
Q

Paget’s disease stage where vascular fibrous tissue hardens and becomes similar to bone, but it is fragile

A

sclerotic stage

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54
Q

A group of inherited conditions causing excessive length of extremities and abnormal connective tissue; arm and legs are excessively long

A

Marfan’s syndrome

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55
Q

Also causes: subluxation of the lens of the eye, scoliosis, hyperextensible joints, mitral valve prolapse and thickening of heart valves, aortic aneurysm

A

Marfan’s syndrome

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56
Q

Caused by autosomal dominant inheritance; 50% chance children of affected parents will have the disorder

A

Marfan’s syndrome

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57
Q

Any abnormal growth in the bone

A

bone tumors

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58
Q

List the 3 types of primary tumors.

A
  1. chondrogenic 2. osteogenic 3. fibrogenic
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59
Q

Primary tumors most often occur in _____ during a growth spurt

A

adolescents

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60
Q

Common metastases from breast, lung, prostate, thyroid, and kidney primary cancers

A

secondary bone tumors

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61
Q

What are the most common forms of bone tumors?

A

Most common forms are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma

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62
Q

Treatment is surgical excision; goal is limb-sparing surgery, but amputation may be necessary; chemo and/or radiotherapy may also be done

A

bone tumors

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63
Q

Benign tumors or malignant (tumors grow and metastasize rapidly) sarcomas of the muscle

A

muscle tumors

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64
Q

Most commonly affect the extremities, head and neck, trunk, and retroperitoneum; anywhere with smooth muscle

A

muscle tumors

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65
Q

Risk factors include radiation treatment for prior cancer, and certain chemical exposures

A

muscle tumors

66
Q

Treatment is the same as bone tumors

A

muscle tumors

67
Q

Loss of normal bone mass/density that leads to porous bone that becomes “compressible” rather than dense

A

osteoporosis

68
Q

Occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women; other risk factors include previous radiation treatments, malabsorption, smoking, alcohol abuse, calcium wasting nephropathy, immobility, chronic diseases

A

osteoporosis

69
Q

Treatment includes increased intake of calcium and Vitamin D, estrogen replacement therapy, biphosponate medications, weight-bearing moderate exercise

A

osteoporosis

70
Q

Defective mineralization of the bones, causing them to be soft, flexible, deformed

A

osteomalacia/rickets

71
Q

_____ occurs in adults while ____ occurs in children

A

osteomalacia, rickets

72
Q

Caused by either deficiency or ineffective use of Vitamin D

A

osteomalacia/rickets

73
Q

Treated with vitamin D supplements and management of underlying disorders

A

osteomalacia/rickets

74
Q

Medical term for bunion

A

hallux valgus

75
Q

Localized area of enlargement of the inner portion of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint at the base of the big toe

A

hallux valgus/bunion

76
Q

Caused by midline position of great toe toward the midline of the body

A

hallux valgus/bunion

77
Q

Contributing factors include rheumatoid arthritis, flatfoot, improperly fitting or high-heeled shoes, familial tendency

A

hallux valgus/bunion

78
Q

Treatment may include surgery if conservative measures don’t work

A

hallux valgus/bunion

79
Q

A stiff big toe developing as a result of degeneration of the cartilage of the first MTP joint

A

hallux rigidus

80
Q

Caused by injury and arthritis

A

hallux rigidus

81
Q

Treatment includes antiinflammatories, wearing shoes with thick, hard soles and low heels, cheilectomy, arthrodesis (fusion)

A

hallux rigidus

82
Q

Condition where one of the four lesser toe–most often the second toe–bends upward due to an abnormal flexion of the PIP joint

A

hammer toe

83
Q

Congenital condition; can be exacerbated by wearing shoes that are too short, too pointy, or have high heels, underlying arthritis

A

hammer toe

84
Q

Treatment includes splinting, possibly arthroplasty with fusion of the PIP joint

A

hammer toe

85
Q

Stress on bone resulting from traumatic insult to the musculoskeletal system, really severe muscle spasms, or bone disease

A

fractures (see handout for specific types)

86
Q

Fracture fully contained within tissue

A

closed/simple fracture

87
Q

Fracture with bone exposed out of tissue

A

open/compound fracture

88
Q

Caused by force, external or internal that disrupts the continuity of a bone

A

fracture

89
Q

List 13 types of fracture disruptions.

A
  1. longitudinal 2. transverse 3. oblique 4. greenstick 5. comminuted 6. impact 7. pathologic 8. non-displaced 9. displaced 10. spiral 11. compression 12. avulsion 13. depression
90
Q

Fracture that follows long axis of bone

A

longitudinal

91
Q

Fracture at right angles to bone

A

transverse

92
Q

Fracture at an angle

A

oblique

93
Q

Bend/partway fracture that occurs mostly in children

A

greenstick

94
Q

Pieces of fracture

A

comminuted

95
Q

Forced fracture; driving bone usually in joint

A

Impacted

96
Q

Fracture due to a diseased bone and not by force

A

pathologic

97
Q

Fracture with bone aligned

A

non-displaced

98
Q

Fracture with bone misaligned

A

displaced

99
Q

Fracture wraps around bone, breaking as it twists

A

spiral

100
Q

Fracture where tendon snaps

A

avulsion

101
Q

Fracture where piece has fallen inward

A

depression

102
Q

How are simple fractures of long bones treated?

A

reduction and immobilization

103
Q

How are compound fractures treated?

A

cleaning, debriding, reduction, immobility, ORIF (open reduction internal fixation)

104
Q

Injured tendons, muscles or other tissues resulting from overuse, overstretching, or excessive forcible stretching of the tissue beyond its functional capacity

A

strains

105
Q

Acute partial tear of ligament

A

sprains

106
Q

What are the three classifications of sprains?

A

first/second/third grade or degree

107
Q

Caused by acute or cumulative (chronic) trauma

A

strains and sprains

108
Q

Treated through elevation, rest, ice, immobilization, analgesics and anti-inflammatories, surgery for large tears or those healed improperly

A

sprains and strains

109
Q

Forcible displacement of a bone from its joint, causing loss of joint function

A

dislocations

110
Q

Caused by severe injury which may also cause a fracture; congenital joint weakness, arthritis complications, recurrent dislocations of previously dislocated joint

A

dislocations

111
Q

Treatment includes relocating, immobilization and surgery in severe cases

A

dislocations

112
Q

Limited range of movement of a shoulder joint due to inflammation, scarring, thickening and shrinkage of the capsule surrounding the shoulder joint

A

adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder

113
Q

Caused by inflammation of joint capsule with secondary scarring, usually following a slight injury or minor problem such as bursitis or tendonitis

A

adhesive capsulitis

114
Q

Treatment includes moving to prevent permanent immobility and shoulder manipulation under a general anesthetic if severe

A

adhesive capsulitis

115
Q

Tendon torn completely into two sections, preventing the muscle from moving a body part

A

severed tendon

116
Q

Caused by injury, overstretching or laceration

A

severed tendon

117
Q

Treatment includes tenorrhaphy; may require a large incision to retrieve both ends of the tendon

A

severed tendon

118
Q

Inflammation of the periosteum, extensor muscles of the lower leg, and the surrounding tissue

A

shin splints

119
Q

Caused by overuse or over-pronation

A

shin splints

120
Q

Treatment includes rest, ice and/or heat, anti-inflammatory, physiotherapy, orthotic insertions or shoes

A

shin splints

121
Q

Inflammation of bottom of the heel or calcaneus; may produce calcaneal spurs

A

plantar fasciitis

122
Q

Spike-like projections of new bone

A

calcaneal spurs

123
Q

Occurs when part of the inflexible fascia is repeatedly placed under tension, with several contributing factors

A

plantar fasciitis

124
Q

Treatment includes rest, ice and/or heat, anti-inflammatory, physiotherapy, orthotic insertions or shoes

A

plantar fasciitis

125
Q

Benign, sac-like swelling, or cyst filled with colorless jelly formed from tissue that lines a joint or tendon

A

ganglion

126
Q

Cause is idiopathic; may be a sign of arthritis in the adjacent joint

A

ganglion

127
Q

Not normally treated unless required; if needed, includes rupture by applying firm pressure, needle aspiration or ganglionectomy

A

ganglion

128
Q

Crack or fissure to the meniscus cartilage in knee joint

A

torn meniscus

129
Q

Most often related to sports injury where there was a sudden twisting or external rotation of the leg with a flexed knee

A

torn meniscus

130
Q

In severe cases, treated with arthroscopic surgery and meniscectomy may be required

A

torn meniscus

131
Q

Tear of any of the four tendons of the rotator cuff

A

rotator cuff tears

132
Q

The muscles around the shoulder

A

rotator cuff

133
Q

Caused mostly by acute trauma; degeneration due to age that causes calcium deposits

A

rotator cuff tears

134
Q

Treatment includes managing acute pain with narcotics, rest, physiotherapy and surgical repair

A

rotator cuff tears

135
Q

Fracture that is a collapse of a vertebra

A

compression

136
Q

Examples of types of joint

A

shoulder (ball and socket)
diarthrosis

137
Q

Examples of types of joints

A

cranial sutures
synarthrodial

138
Q

Examples of types of joints.

A

intervertebral joints
amphiarthrodial

139
Q

Examples of types of joints.

A

elbow
hinge joint
diarthrosis

140
Q

Examples of types of joints

A

pubic symphysis
amphiarthrodial

141
Q

Examples of types of joints

A

wrist
ellipsoidal joints
diarthrosis

142
Q
A
  1. cranium
  2. facial bones
  3. clavicle
143
Q

name parts

A
  1. scapula
  2. humerus
  3. xiphoid process
144
Q
A
  1. radius
  2. ulna
  3. carpals
  4. metacarpals
  5. phalanges
145
Q
A
  1. femur
  2. tibia
  3. tarsals
  4. phalanges
146
Q
A
  1. metatarsals
  2. fibula
  3. patella (sesamoid)
147
Q
A
  1. pubic
  2. ischium
  3. coccyx
  4. sacrum
  5. ilium
148
Q
A
  1. vertebral column
  2. costal cartilage
  3. ribs
  4. sternum
  5. mandible
149
Q

Name this type of muscle

A

skeletal muscles

150
Q

Name this type of muscle.

A

smooth muscles

151
Q

Name this type of muscle.

A

cardiac muscles

152
Q
A

top: cranium
middle: facial bones
bottom: mandible

153
Q
A

top: sternum
middle: costal cartilage
bottom: vertebral column

154
Q
A

top: ilium
middle: pelvis
bottom: sacrum

155
Q
A

calcaneus

156
Q
A

top: tarsals
middle: metatarsals
bottom: phalanges

157
Q
A

top: patella
middle: fibula
bottom: tibia

158
Q
A

top: femur
bottom: patella

159
Q
A

top: carpals
middle: metacarpals
bottom: phalanges

160
Q
A

left: ulna
right: radius

161
Q
A

top to bottom:
clavicle
scapula
humerus
ribs

Z. PATH 1 (7 decks)

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