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Z. PATH 1 > Outcome 6 Integumentary System > Flashcards

Outcome 6 Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

List some accessory organs.

A

hair, nails, glands, skin layers, dermis, epidermis, subcutaneous layer

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2
Q

What are some common skin condition symptoms?

A 
cutaneous lesions/eruptions
pruritis (itching)
pain
edema (swelling)
erythema (redness)
inflammation
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3
Q

flat, discolored spot that may be hypopigmented, hyperpigmented or red (erythematous and purpuric)

A

macule

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4
Q

plateau-like elevated lesion greater than 1/2 cm in diameter

A

plaque

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5
Q

a nodule filled with either liquid or semisolid material under the skin; deep

A

cyst

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6
Q

vesicle containing purulent or cloudy fluid; raised on skin

A

pustule

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7
Q

thickened areas of skin that is dry and whitish colored

A

scale

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8
Q

tunnel or streak caused by a burrowing organism

A

burrow

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9
Q

What is the most common organism that causes burrows?

A

scabies

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10
Q

small elevated lesion less than 1/2 cm in depth and diameter

A

papule

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11
Q

blisters containing clear fluid less than 0.5 cm in diameter

A

vesicles

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12
Q

blisters containing clear fluid greater than 0.5 cm in diameter

A

bulla(e)

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13
Q

marblelike lesion greater than 0.5 cm in depth and diameter

A

nodule

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14
Q

Liquid debris dried on the skin’s surface, resulting from ruptured vesicles, pustules, or bullae

A

crust

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15
Q

a thin tear

A

fissure

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16
Q

a wide but shallow fissure

A

erosion

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17
Q

tear that involves the epidermis and dermis

A

ulcer

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18
Q

a lesion of acne

A

comedo

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19
Q

inflammatory condition of the sebacious (oil) glands

A

seborrheic dermatitis

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20
Q

known as cradle cap in an infant

A

seborrheic dermatitis

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21
Q

What is the cause of seborrheic dermatitis?

A

idiopathic though heredity and emotional stress may be precipitating factors

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22
Q

How is seborrheic dermatitis treated?

A

low strength cortisone/hydrocortisone cream

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23
Q

acute inflammation response of the skin triggered by an exogenous chemical or substance

A

contact dermatitis

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24
Q

What causes contact dermatitis?

A

many possible causes (poison plants, dyes, latex, preservatives, detergents, etc.)

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25
Q

How is contact dermatitis treated?

A

cleansing the skin and corticosteroid creams; some cases may require oral steroids

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26
Q

chronic inflammation of the skin that tends to occur in patients with a family history of allergic conditions

A

atopic dermatitis or eczema

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27
Q

What causes eczema?

A

is idiopathic but there is an inherited tendency and an allergic connection is assumed

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28
Q

How is eczema treated?

A

cortisone ointments and antibiotics if a secondary infection develops from scratching

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29
Q

severe itching followed by the appearance of redness and an area swelling in a localized area of skin

A

urticaria or hives

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30
Q

What is the swollen area called in urticaria?

A

wheal

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31
Q

What causes urticaria?

A

caused by acute hypersensitivity and the release of histamine; can sometimes be idiopathic; other factors (sunlight, heat, cold, etc)

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32
Q

How is urticaria treated?

A

remove the antigenic factor (if known) and manage with antihistamines and epinephrine for severe cases

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33
Q

chronic skin condition/systemic disease marked by thick, flaky, red patches of various sizes, covered with characteristic white, silvery scales

A

psoriasis

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34
Q

What causes psoriasis?

A

unknown; seems to be genetically determined; may be autoimmune

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35
Q

How is psoriasis treated?

A

UV light, steroid creams, coal tar preparations, retinoid creams, chemotherapy and drug treatment when serious

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36
Q

chronic inflammatory disorder of the facial skin, causing redness, primarily in the areas where individuals blush or flush

A

rosacea

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37
Q

What causes rosacea?

A

unknown; possible correlation with the frequency of one’s blushing; may be inherited

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38
Q

How is rosacea treated?

A

creams and lifestyle changes to avoid triggers that cause blushing

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39
Q

inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles

A

acne vulgaris

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40
Q

What causes acne vulgaris?

A

unknown; linked to hormonal changes in adoloscence

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41
Q

T or F. Food causes acne.

A

False

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42
Q

What are other precipitating factors that cause acne?

A

hormonal changes, heredity, dirt, bacteria

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43
Q

How is acne treated?

A

topical and/or systemic antibiotics and tretinoin creams, and accutane (isotretinoin) can be prescribed in severe cases (with caution)

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44
Q

Benign growths originating in the epidermis

A

seborrheic keratosis

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45
Q

Clinically appear as tan-brown, greasy papules or plaques that look to be pasted onto the skin

A

seborrheic keratosis

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46
Q

T or F. Cause of seborrheic keratosis is unknown.

A

True

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47
Q

How is seborrheic keratosis treated?

A

Treated with cryosurgery and curettage

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48
Q

Benign, asymptomatic growths that can be found anywhere on the body

A

dermatofibroma

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49
Q

What causes dermatofibroma?

A

fibrous reactions to viral infections, insect bites, and trauma

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50
Q

How is dermatofibroma treated?

A

surgical excision if symptomatic

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51
Q

Benign epithelial growth that appears as a smooth, red, dome-shaped papule with a central crust that usually appears singly, but may occur in multiple numbers

A

keratoacanthoma

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52
Q

What causes keratoacanthoma?

A

virus

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53
Q

How are keratoacanthoma treated?

A

Treated with surgical excision, topical adrenocorticosteroids, and/or oral isotretinoin and etretinate for multiple lesions

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54
Q

Overgrowth of skin that occurs secondary to trauma or surgery

A

keloids and hypertrophic scars

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55
Q

How are keloids treated?

A

corticosteroid injections and possibly excision

56
Q

Develops when a sebaceous gland slowly fills with a thick fluid

A

epidermal sebaceous cyst

57
Q

What causes sebaceous cysts?

A

Caused by blockage, sometimes with infection, of a sebaceous gland

58
Q

How are sebaceous cysts treated?

A

surgical excision

59
Q

Common benign skin growths or tags

A

acrochordon (skin tag)

60
Q

What causes skin tags?

A

friction

61
Q

How are skin tags treated?

A

surgical excision or chemical removal (freezing/burning)

62
Q

Common premalignant lesions found on sun-exposed areas of the body

A

actinic keratosis

63
Q

What causes actinic keratosis?

A

Caused by long-term exposure to the ultraviolet portion of sunlight

64
Q

How is actinic keratosis treated?

A

topical tretinoin, possibly in combination with fluorouracil or desiccation and curettage

65
Q

What are two common non-melanoma skin cancers?

A

BCC and SCC

66
Q

BCC

A

basal cell carcinoma

67
Q

SCC

A

squamous cell carcinoma

68
Q

What distinguishes SCC from BCC?

A

SCC has hyperkeratosis

69
Q

T or F. Non-melanoma skin cancers rarely metastasize.

A

True.

70
Q

What causes non-melanoma skin cancers

A

sun exposure, radiation treatment, immunosuppression, chronic exposure to arsenic
Actinic keratosis or chronically inflamed skin from scar tissue and burns (SCC), smoking

71
Q

How are non-melanoma skin cancers treated?

A

conventional or MOHS surgery, cryosurgery, electrodessication and curettage, drug therapy

72
Q

What are the ABCs of malignant melanoma

A

asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving

73
Q

Rare, inherited condition in which the melanocytes are unable to produce melanin

A

albinism

74
Q

Pale, irregular patches of skin, often evenly located on one side of the body

A

vitiligo

75
Q

What causes vitiligo?

A

Possibly autoimmune; often follows a stressful incident

76
Q

What are treatment options for vitiligo?

A

cosmetics to cover the affected skin area, non-prescription de-pigmenting creams for dark areas, UV light treatment for lightened areas

77
Q

Patches of dark skin that develop on the face, especially over the cheeks

A

melasma or chloasma

78
Q

What causes melasma?

A

Caused by hormonal changes in pregnancy or with oral contraceptive use in some women

79
Q

Benign lesions of proliferating blood vessels in the dermis that produce a red, blue, or purple colour

A

hemangioma

80
Q

Small dark areas of skin composed of dense collections of melanocytes

A

moles or nevi

81
Q

What causes moles?

A

Caused by melanocytes that grow in a cluster instead of spreading throughout the skin

82
Q

Fungal infection that causes patches of flaky, light, or dark skin to develop on the trunk

A

pityriasis

83
Q

How is pityriasis treated?

A

Treated with antifungal medications (oral and/or creams)

84
Q

Unspecified adverse effect resulting from a drug, medicinal, or biologic substance that was properly administered

A

abnormal suntan

85
Q

Loss or absence of hair, especially on the scalp

A

alopecia

86
Q

Male pattern baldness

A

androgenetic alopecia

87
Q

Loss of hair in oval patches

A

alopecia areata

88
Q

What drugs can treat alopecia?

A

Rogaine (minoxidil) and Propecia (finasteride)

89
Q

Inflammatory reaction of the hair follicle that produces erythemic, pustular lesions

A

folliculitis

90
Q

What causes folliculitis?

A

staphylococcus aureus

91
Q

How is folliculitis treated?

A

topical antiseptic cleanser (Betadine) and systemic antibiotics

92
Q

Common, localized hyperplastic areas of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis

A

corns and calluses

93
Q

What’s the difference between corns and calluses?

A

Corns have a glassy core and are smaller and more painful than calluses, calluses are larger and develop on pressure points

94
Q

Elevated growths of the epidermis that result from hyperplasia

A

verrucae or warts

95
Q

What causes verrucae?

A

viruses

96
Q

How are verrucae treated?

A

chemical treatment (burning or freezing), surgican excision, cryotherapy, electrodessication

97
Q

Nails with unusual thickening, shape, or color that deviates from normal

A

deformed or discolored nails

98
Q

Infection of the skin around a nail

A

paronychia

99
Q

A blister of pus beside the nail that forms if the nail fold is affected

A

whitlow

100
Q

What causes paronychia?

A

Caused by a bacterial/fungal infection

101
Q

How is paronychia treated?

A

antibiotics or antifungals

102
Q

Acute inflammatory dermatomal eruption of extremely painful vesicles

A

herpes zoster (shingles)

103
Q

What causes shingles?

A

herpes varicella-zoster virus (VZV) or chickenpox in childhood

104
Q

VZV lies dormat in the ______ and reactivates, often by stress event

A

dorsal root ganglia

105
Q

How are shingles treated?

A

acyclovir (Zovirax) antivial

106
Q

T or F. There is now a vaccine for shingles prevention.

A

True

107
Q

Common, contagious, superficial skin infection typically on face: pus, yellow crusty sores

A

impetigo

108
Q

This impetigo presents as a blister

A

bullous impetigo

109
Q

This impetigo presents as a rash

A

non-bullous impetigo

110
Q

What causes impetigo?

A

streptococcus or staphylococcus aureus bacteria

111
Q

How is impetigo treated?

A

systemic pills/IV that goes through the whole body, topical antibiotics, proper cleaning, and prevention of spreading

112
Q

Large pus containing lesion that has been infected. The pus containing abscess involves the entire hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue

A

furuncle (boil)

113
Q

Unusually large furuncle or a group of furuncles connected by drainage canals; multiple drainage points

A

carbuncle

114
Q

What causes furuncles and carbuncles?

A

Bacterial infection, usually staphylococcus aureus

115
Q

How do we treat boils and carbuncles?

A

hot compresses, surgical I&D in some cases, Keflex (cephalexin) or dicloxacillin antibiotic treatments

116
Q

Acute, diffuse, bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue that causes skin to look red and swollen underneath skin – typically no rash associated

A

cellulitis

117
Q

What causes cellulitis?

A

streptococcus or staph bacteria entering the skin surface via small cut or lesion

118
Q

What is the key diagnostic symptom for cellulitis?

A

pitting edema - leaves indent from fingerprint

119
Q

How is cellulitis treated?

A

systemic antibiotics; may require IV drug therapy or hospitalization if severe

120
Q

Chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin

A

dermatophytoses (tinea)

121
Q

What causes tinea?

A

Caused by several species of fungi that can invade the skin or nails

122
Q

How is tinea treated?

A

Topical and/or oral antifungal medications

123
Q

This type of tinea affects the scalp and can cause hair loss

A

tinea capitis

124
Q

This type of tinea affects anywhere on the body

A

tinea corporis

125
Q

This type of tinea affects the nail

A

tinea unguium

126
Q

This type of tinea affects the foot; also called athlete’s foot

A

tinea pedis

127
Q

This type of tinea affects the crotch; also called jock itch

A

tinea cruris

128
Q

Localized area of dead skin that can affect the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer and in some cases affect muscle and bones

A

decubitus ulcers (pressure/bed sores)

129
Q

What causes decubitus ulcers?

A

Impairment or lack of blood supply to the affected area of skin

130
Q

T or F. Decubitus ulcers are a result of constant pressure against surface of skin

A

True

131
Q

How are decubitus ulcers treated?

A

prevention easier than treatment’ body position changes every 2 hours, special pads or mattresses to alleviate pressure on bony prominences

132
Q

Two most common parasitic insects to infect humans

A

scabies and pediculosis (lice)

133
Q

What causes scabies?

A

sarcoptes scabiei itch mite

134
Q

What causes head lice?

A

Pediculus humanus capitis

135
Q

What causes body lice?

A

Pediculus humanus corporis

136
Q

What causes public lice or crabs?

A

Phthirus pubis

Z. PATH 1 (7 decks)

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