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Z. PATH 1 > Outcome 7 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Outcome 7 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

In coronary artery disease, arteries that supply the myocardium with oxygen become narrowed due to ____ over time, causing temporary cardiac ischemia, and eventually myocardial infarction (MI)

A

atherosclerotic deposits

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2
Q

Coronary artery disease is caused by deposits of fat-containing substances called plaque in the ____ of the arteries that results in atherosclerosis

A

lumen

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3
Q

What causes plaque?

A

diabetes, age, dietary and lifestyle factors, etc

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4
Q

What are the common symptoms of CAD?

A

angina, burning, squeezing, crushing pain in neck or jaw (mostly men)

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5
Q

What are the risk factors of CAD?

A

lifestyle, age, HTN, diabetes, smoking, genetics

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6
Q

What is the difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis?

A 
atherosclerosis = coronary arteries
arteriosclerosis = other arteries, unless aorta, then arteriosclerosis
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7
Q

Treated with pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions

A

CAD

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8
Q

What surgical interventions are used to treat CAD?

A

PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) and CABG (coronary artery bypass graft)

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9
Q

Angina pectoris is chest pain due to ____ during or shortly after exertion; results from reduced oxygen supply to the myocardium

A

ischemia

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10
Q

Caused by atherosclerosis, spasms of the coronary arteries, prolonged tachycardia, some forms of anemia, respiratory disease

A

angina pectoris

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11
Q

Treated by nitroglycerin sublingually

A

angina pectoris

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12
Q

Myocardial infarction is the death of _____ caused by the development of ischemia

A

myocardial tissue

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13
Q

Caused by insufficient oxygen supply due to thrombus, atherosclerotic plaque, and myocardial muscle spasm

A

myocardial infarction (MI)

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14
Q

Treatment includes 1. lab testing of CPK and troponin, LDH, and AST 2. thrombolytic drugs 3. PTCA 4. CABG

A

MI

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15
Q

Arryhthmia that often results from the damage causing most related deaths

A

VFIB

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16
Q

Sudden, unexpected cessation of cardiac activity

A

cardiac arrest

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17
Q

Caused by anoxia or interruption of the electrical stimuli to the heart due to respiratory arrest, cardiac arrhythmia, MI, electrocution, drowning, severe trauma, massive hemorrhage, drug overdose

A

cardiac arrest

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18
Q

Treatment includes CPR, AED and cardiac drugs

A

cardiac arrest

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19
Q

A condition caused by chronically elevated pressure throughout the vascular system; can be divided into secondary HTN or benign essential HTN

A

hypertensive heart disease

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20
Q

Essential hypertension is an abnormally high blood pressure in the arterial system with a reading of over ___ mmHg

A

140/90

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21
Q

Essential hypertension has an ____ onset; the patient has few, if any, symptoms until permanent damage has occurred

A

insidious

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22
Q

Cause unknown but contributing factors include heredity, stress, age, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary habits

A

essential hypertension

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23
Q

Treatment includes pharmacotherapy, dietary management (limiting sodium intake), exercise and weight loss

A

essential hypertension

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24
Q

____ is a severe, life-threatening form of hypertension with a blood pressure reading of ___ mmHg or higher

A

malignant hypertension, 200/120

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25
Q

Cause unknown but extreme stress is thought to be a contributing factor

A

malignant HTN

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26
Q

Treated by aggressive intervention with IV hypertension drugs

A

malignant HTN

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27
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is an acute or chronic inability of the heart to ____ blood throughout the body

A

pump enough

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28
Q

Caused by MI most commonly; also: hypertension, CAD, COPD, cardiac valve damage, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy

A

CHF

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29
Q

Name the two types of CHF.

A
  1. left-sided CHF

2. right-sided CHF

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30
Q

Congestive heart failure in which left ventricle does not empty; blood backs up in the pulmonary circulation causing ____

A

left CHF; pulmonary congestion

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31
Q

Congestive heart failure in which the right ventricle can’t empty; blood backs up in systemic circulation causing ___ in the legs and digestive system

A

right CHF; edema

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32
Q

Treated by drugs to reduce the workload on the heart and increase efficiency, restricting of fluid and sodium intake, pacemaker or defibrillator for some patients, heart transplant in extreme cases

A

CHF

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33
Q

Cor pulmonale is an enlargement of the ____ due to a primary lung disease (sequela)

A

right ventricle

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34
Q

Caused by acute or chronic pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension

A

col pulmonale

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35
Q

Treatment must be directed at both the lung problem and the cardiac sequela

A

cor pulmonale

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36
Q

Cor pulmonale treatment focus is on reducing the ____ of the heart, and increasing the heart’s efficiency to reduce _____

A

workload, hypoxemia

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37
Q

Pulmonary edema is fluid shifting into the ___ of the lungs (overload of pulmonary circulation)

A

extravascular spaces

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38
Q

Caused by left-sided CHF and mitral valve disease, pulmonary embolism, systemic HTN, arrhythmias, renal failure, head trauma, drug overdose, exposure to ___

A

pulmonary edema; high altitudes

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39
Q

Treated by placing the patient in Fowler’s position, oxygen therapy, diuretics, ventilation

A

pulmonary edema

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40
Q

Cardiomyopathy is a noninflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle resulting in enlargement of ___ and ___

A

enlargement of the myocardium and ventricular dysfunction

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41
Q

What are the 3 types of cardiomyopathy?

A
  1. dilated
  2. hypertrophic
  3. restrictive
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42
Q

T or F. Causes and treatment of cardiomyopathy are based on type

A

T

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43
Q

Cardiomyopathy type: degeneration of myocardial fibres caused by chronic alcoholism, autoimmune processes, or a virus

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

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44
Q

Cardiomyopathy type: hypertrophy of left ventricle caused by genetic factors or can be idiopathic

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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45
Q

Cardiomyopathy type: caused by an infiltrative process of the heart that causes fibrosis and thickening of the myocardium

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy

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46
Q

Acute or chronic inflammation of the pericardium

A

pericarditis

47
Q

Idiopathic cause, inflammation or infection elsewhere in the body, virus or bacteria, trauma, rheumatic fever, malignant neoplasm

A

pericarditis

48
Q

Treated by management of underlying disease and reduce the inflammation and pain

A

pericarditis

49
Q

Inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart

A

myocarditis

50
Q

cardiomyopathy vs myocarditis

A

disease vs inflammation

51
Q

Caused by a viral, bacterial, fungal or protozoal infection, but can also be idiopathic, a complication of influenza, diphtheria, mumps, and rheumatic fever

A

myocarditis

52
Q

Treatment includes anti-infective agents for infectious causes, rest, analgesics and oxygen administration

A

myocarditis

53
Q

Inflammation of the lining and the valves of the heart and characterized by ___

A

endocarditis; vegetations

54
Q

Infectious growths on the valves that can be released into the bloodstream as emboli

A

vegetations

55
Q

Caused by bacteremia (most commonly staph aureus, Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci and E. coli)

A

endocarditis

56
Q

Treatment is anti-infective therapy

A

endocarditis

57
Q

Rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disease involving ___ and ___

A

joints/cardiac tissue

58
Q

Generally preceded by sore throat caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (strep throat) which causes an autoimmune reaction that affects the ____ and ____

A

rheumatic fever; affects the endocardium and the mitral valve

59
Q

Treatment is antibiotics for strep throat to prevent rheumatic fever

A

rheumatic fever

60
Q

The cardiac manifestations that follow rheumatic fever

A

rheumatic heart disease

61
Q

Caused when the vegetations that follow rheumatic fever become enlarged or the valves may scar, causing stenosis for the valve openings

A

rheumatic heart disease

62
Q

Treatment is to reduce stenosis and prevent further damage; may require surgery to replace the valve

A

rheumatic heart disease

63
Q

An acquired/congenital disorder involving any of the 4 valves of the heart

A

valvular heart disease

64
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

A

pulmonary
mitral
aortic
tricuspid

65
Q

What is the most common valve to be affected by valvular heart disease?

A

mitral valve

66
Q

Hardening of the valve cusps in valvular heart disease

A

valvular heart disease: stenosis

67
Q

Causes include rheumatic heart disease, age, and presence of a malformed valve

A

valvular heart disease: stenosis

68
Q

Treatment includes limitation of sodium intake, diuretics, anticoagulants, commissurotomy or balloon valvuloplasty, surgical valve replacement

A

valvular heart disease: stenosis

69
Q

The valve fails to close completely

A

valvular heart disease: insufficiency/regurgitation

70
Q

Causes include rheumatic heart disease, prolapse, MI

A

valvular heart disease: insufficiency/regurgitation

71
Q

Treatment includes bed rest, surgical valve replacement

A

valvular heart disease: insufficiency/regurgitation

72
Q

One or more of the cusps of the valve protrude back into the chamber

A

valvular heart disease: prolapse

73
Q

Causes include long or short chordae tendinae, malfunctioning papillary muscles, genetic tendency and some connective tissue disorders

A

valvular heart disease: prolapse

74
Q

Treatment isn’t required when the patient is asymptomatic, beta-blockers

A

valvular heart disease: prolapse

75
Q

Any deviation from the normal heartbeat (sinus rhythm); also called irregular heartbeats

A

arrhythmias

76
Q

Reflects disturbances in the normal conduction system that can be caused by ischemia, drugs, failure of the SA node

A

arrhythmias

77
Q

Treatment depends on cause; can be pharmacotherapy, pacemakers, cardioverter defibrillators

A

arrhythmias

78
Q

Collapse of the cardiovascular system, including vasodilation and fluid shift accompanied by inefficient cardiac output

A

shock

79
Q

Treatment includes first aid, placing the patient in the supine position with the legs elevated, keeping the patient warm, and calling EMS

A

shock

80
Q

Causes of shock

A

–

81
Q

Inadequate output of blood by the heart when the myocardium fails to pump effectively

A

cardiogenic shock

82
Q

Caused by anything that damages the heart’s ability to pump including MI, heart failure, certain arrhythmias, valve failure

A

cardiogenic shock

83
Q

Compression of the heart muscle and restriction of heart movement caused by blood or fluid trapped in the pericardial sac

A

cardiac tamponade

84
Q

Caused by an insult to a vessel in the pericardium which allows blood to fill the pericardial space

A

cardiac tamponade

85
Q

Treatment is pericardiocentesis and often surgery to repair the leak

A

cardiac tamponade

86
Q

Clots of aggregated material (usually blood) that can lodge in a blood vessel and inhibit the blood flow

A

emboli

87
Q

Severity depends on the location of the vessel and the area of tissue supplied by vessel

A

emboli

88
Q

Other causes (besides a clot) include air bubbles, fat globules, bacterial clumps and pieces of tissue

A

emboli

89
Q

Treatment is to restore blood flow, often using thrombolytic drugs (tPA) for clots

A

emboli

90
Q

Most common cause is a blood clot that has formed in the deep veins of the legs, also called a DVT (deep vein thrombosis)

A

emboli

91
Q

A condition that occurs when walls of arterioles thicken, with loss of elasticity and contractility

A

arteriosclerosis

92
Q

Thickening and hardening of the vessels that occurs when plaques of cholesterol and lipids form in the arterial tunica intima

A

arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis

93
Q

Cause is multifactoral; risk factors include heredity, sedentary lifestyle, diet high in rich lipids and cholesterol-producing foods, smoking, diabetes mellitus, HTN, obesity

A

arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis

94
Q

Treatment includes dietary changes, smoking cessation, treat and control hypertension and diabetes, hyperlipidemic drugs (Lovastatin)

A

arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis

95
Q

Weakening and resulting local dilation of the wall of an artery

A

aneurysm

96
Q

Prognosis depends on the location of the artery and the extent

A

aneurysm

97
Q

Caused by a build-up of atherosclerotic plaque that weakens the vessel wall

A

aneurysm

98
Q

Treatment depends on size, location, likelihood of rupture; can include surgical repair before the aneurysm leaks or ruptures if known

A

aneurysm

99
Q

Inflammation of a vein that occurs most often in lower legs but any vein may be affected

A

phlebitis

100
Q

Cause is uncertain and may be idiopathic; possible causes include venous stasis, obesity, blood disorders, injury, surgery

A

phlebitis

101
Q

Treatment is symptomatic

A

phlebitis

102
Q

The result of an inflammation of a vein w formation of a thrombus on the vessel wall

A

thrombophlebitis

103
Q

Causes include venous stasis, blood disorders that cause hypercoagulation, injury to venous wall

A

thrombophlebitis

104
Q

Treatment includes immobilizing the affected part, and administering heparin to prevent the clot from enlarging

A

thrombophlebitis

105
Q

Swollen, tortuous, and knotted veins that usually occur in the lower legs

A

varicose veins

106
Q

There is no clearly identifiable cause, but is suspected to be due to defective/absent valves

A

varicose veins

107
Q

Treatment includes stripping and ligation, sclerosing injections

A

varicose veins

108
Q

Inflammation of peripheral arteries/veins of extremities w clot formation that can lead to ulcers and gangrene

A

thromboangiitis obliterans

109
Q

Primary cause is long-term tobacco use

A

thromboangiitis obliterans

110
Q

Treatment includes immediate smoking cessation, medication to improve circulation, surgery to detour around or bore through a clot, amputation of gangrenous tissue

A

thromboangiitis obliterans

111
Q

Primary vasospastic condition of the fingers, hands, or feet, causing pain, numbness and sometimes discoloration

A

Raynaud’s disease

112
Q

If Raynaud’s disease occurs secondary to another disease, it is called ______

A

Raynaud’s phenomenon

113
Q

Caused by spasm of small peripheral arteries triggered by cold, stress, smoking tobacco

A

Raynaud’s disease

114
Q

Treatment: warm the affected area, stop smoking, avoid cold and stress

A

Raynaud’s disease

Z. PATH 1 (7 decks)

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