Outcome 7 Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Jett De Leon

In coronary artery disease, arteries that supply the myocardium with oxygen become narrowed due to ____ over time, causing temporary cardiac ischemia, and eventually myocardial infarction (MI)

atherosclerotic deposits

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Coronary artery disease is caused by deposits of fat-containing substances called plaque in the ____ of the arteries that results in atherosclerosis

lumen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes plaque?

diabetes, age, dietary and lifestyle factors, etc

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the common symptoms of CAD?

angina, burning, squeezing, crushing pain in neck or jaw (mostly men)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the risk factors of CAD?

lifestyle, age, HTN, diabetes, smoking, genetics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis?

atherosclerosis = coronary arteries
arteriosclerosis = other arteries, unless aorta, then arteriosclerosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Treated with pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions

CAD

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What surgical interventions are used to treat CAD?

PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) and CABG (coronary artery bypass graft)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Angina pectoris is chest pain due to ____ during or shortly after exertion; results from reduced oxygen supply to the myocardium

ischemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Caused by atherosclerosis, spasms of the coronary arteries, prolonged tachycardia, some forms of anemia, respiratory disease

angina pectoris

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Treated by nitroglycerin sublingually

angina pectoris

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Myocardial infarction is the death of _____ caused by the development of ischemia

myocardial tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Caused by insufficient oxygen supply due to thrombus, atherosclerotic plaque, and myocardial muscle spasm

myocardial infarction (MI)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Treatment includes 1. lab testing of CPK and troponin, LDH, and AST 2. thrombolytic drugs 3. PTCA 4. CABG

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Arryhthmia that often results from the damage causing most related deaths

VFIB

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sudden, unexpected cessation of cardiac activity

cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Caused by anoxia or interruption of the electrical stimuli to the heart due to respiratory arrest, cardiac arrhythmia, MI, electrocution, drowning, severe trauma, massive hemorrhage, drug overdose

cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Treatment includes CPR, AED and cardiac drugs

cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A condition caused by chronically elevated pressure throughout the vascular system; can be divided into secondary HTN or benign essential HTN

hypertensive heart disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Essential hypertension is an abnormally high blood pressure in the arterial system with a reading of over ___ mmHg

140/90

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Essential hypertension has an ____ onset; the patient has few, if any, symptoms until permanent damage has occurred

insidious

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cause unknown but contributing factors include heredity, stress, age, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary habits

essential hypertension

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Treatment includes pharmacotherapy, dietary management (limiting sodium intake), exercise and weight loss

essential hypertension

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____ is a severe, life-threatening form of hypertension with a blood pressure reading of ___ mmHg or higher

malignant hypertension, 200/120

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cause unknown but extreme stress is thought to be a contributing factor

malignant HTN

Treated by aggressive intervention with IV hypertension drugs

malignant HTN

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is an acute or chronic inability of the heart to ____ blood throughout the body

pump enough

Caused by MI most commonly; also: hypertension, CAD, COPD, cardiac valve damage, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy

CHF

Name the two types of CHF.

1. left-sided CHF | 2. right-sided CHF

Congestive heart failure in which left ventricle does not empty; blood backs up in the pulmonary circulation causing ____

left CHF; pulmonary congestion

Congestive heart failure in which the right ventricle can’t empty; blood backs up in systemic circulation causing ___ in the legs and digestive system

right CHF; edema

Treated by drugs to reduce the workload on the heart and increase efficiency, restricting of fluid and sodium intake, pacemaker or defibrillator for some patients, heart transplant in extreme cases

CHF

Cor pulmonale is an enlargement of the ____ due to a primary lung disease (sequela)

right ventricle

Caused by acute or chronic pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension

col pulmonale

Treatment must be directed at both the lung problem and the cardiac sequela

cor pulmonale

Cor pulmonale treatment focus is on reducing the ____ of the heart, and increasing the heart’s efficiency to reduce _____

workload, hypoxemia

Pulmonary edema is fluid shifting into the ___ of the lungs (overload of pulmonary circulation)

extravascular spaces

Caused by left-sided CHF and mitral valve disease, pulmonary embolism, systemic HTN, arrhythmias, renal failure, head trauma, drug overdose, exposure to ___

pulmonary edema; high altitudes

Treated by placing the patient in Fowler's position, oxygen therapy, diuretics, ventilation

pulmonary edema

Cardiomyopathy is a noninflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle resulting in enlargement of ___ and ___

enlargement of the myocardium and ventricular dysfunction

What are the 3 types of cardiomyopathy?

1. dilated 2. hypertrophic 3. restrictive

T or F. Causes and treatment of cardiomyopathy are based on type

Cardiomyopathy type: degeneration of myocardial fibres caused by chronic alcoholism, autoimmune processes, or a virus

dilated cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy type: hypertrophy of left ventricle caused by genetic factors or can be idiopathic

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy type: caused by an infiltrative process of the heart that causes fibrosis and thickening of the myocardium

restrictive cardiomyopathy

Acute or chronic inflammation of the pericardium

pericarditis

Idiopathic cause, inflammation or infection elsewhere in the body, virus or bacteria, trauma, rheumatic fever, malignant neoplasm

pericarditis

Treated by management of underlying disease and reduce the inflammation and pain

pericarditis

Inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart

myocarditis

cardiomyopathy vs myocarditis

disease vs inflammation

Caused by a viral, bacterial, fungal or protozoal infection, but can also be idiopathic, a complication of influenza, diphtheria, mumps, and rheumatic fever

myocarditis

Treatment includes anti-infective agents for infectious causes, rest, analgesics and oxygen administration

myocarditis

Inflammation of the lining and the valves of the heart and characterized by ___

endocarditis; vegetations

Infectious growths on the valves that can be released into the bloodstream as emboli

vegetations

Caused by bacteremia (most commonly staph aureus, Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci and E. coli)

endocarditis

Treatment is anti-infective therapy

endocarditis

Rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disease involving ___ and ___

joints/cardiac tissue

Generally preceded by sore throat caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (strep throat) which causes an autoimmune reaction that affects the ____ and ____

rheumatic fever; affects the endocardium and the mitral valve

Treatment is antibiotics for strep throat to prevent rheumatic fever

rheumatic fever

The cardiac manifestations that follow rheumatic fever

rheumatic heart disease

Caused when the vegetations that follow rheumatic fever become enlarged or the valves may scar, causing stenosis for the valve openings

rheumatic heart disease

Treatment is to reduce stenosis and prevent further damage; may require surgery to replace the valve

rheumatic heart disease

An acquired/congenital disorder involving any of the 4 valves of the heart

valvular heart disease

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

pulmonary mitral aortic tricuspid

What is the most common valve to be affected by valvular heart disease?

mitral valve

Hardening of the valve cusps in valvular heart disease

valvular heart disease: stenosis

Causes include rheumatic heart disease, age, and presence of a malformed valve

valvular heart disease: stenosis

Treatment includes limitation of sodium intake, diuretics, anticoagulants, commissurotomy or balloon valvuloplasty, surgical valve replacement

valvular heart disease: stenosis

The valve fails to close completely

valvular heart disease: insufficiency/regurgitation

Causes include rheumatic heart disease, prolapse, MI

valvular heart disease: insufficiency/regurgitation

Treatment includes bed rest, surgical valve replacement

valvular heart disease: insufficiency/regurgitation

One or more of the cusps of the valve protrude back into the chamber

valvular heart disease: prolapse

Causes include long or short chordae tendinae, malfunctioning papillary muscles, genetic tendency and some connective tissue disorders

valvular heart disease: prolapse

Treatment isn’t required when the patient is asymptomatic, beta-blockers

valvular heart disease: prolapse

Any deviation from the normal heartbeat (sinus rhythm); also called irregular heartbeats

arrhythmias

Reflects disturbances in the normal conduction system that can be caused by ischemia, drugs, failure of the SA node

arrhythmias

Treatment depends on cause; can be pharmacotherapy, pacemakers, cardioverter defibrillators

arrhythmias

Collapse of the cardiovascular system, including vasodilation and fluid shift accompanied by inefficient cardiac output

shock

Treatment includes first aid, placing the patient in the supine position with the legs elevated, keeping the patient warm, and calling EMS

shock

Causes of shock

Inadequate output of blood by the heart when the myocardium fails to pump effectively

cardiogenic shock

Caused by anything that damages the heart’s ability to pump including MI, heart failure, certain arrhythmias, valve failure

cardiogenic shock

Compression of the heart muscle and restriction of heart movement caused by blood or fluid trapped in the pericardial sac

cardiac tamponade

Caused by an insult to a vessel in the pericardium which allows blood to fill the pericardial space

cardiac tamponade

Treatment is pericardiocentesis and often surgery to repair the leak

cardiac tamponade

Clots of aggregated material (usually blood) that can lodge in a blood vessel and inhibit the blood flow

emboli

Severity depends on the location of the vessel and the area of tissue supplied by vessel

emboli

Other causes (besides a clot) include air bubbles, fat globules, bacterial clumps and pieces of tissue

emboli

Treatment is to restore blood flow, often using thrombolytic drugs (tPA) for clots

emboli

Most common cause is a blood clot that has formed in the deep veins of the legs, also called a DVT (deep vein thrombosis)

emboli

A condition that occurs when walls of arterioles thicken, with loss of elasticity and contractility

arteriosclerosis

Thickening and hardening of the vessels that occurs when plaques of cholesterol and lipids form in the arterial tunica intima

arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis

Cause is multifactoral; risk factors include heredity, sedentary lifestyle, diet high in rich lipids and cholesterol-producing foods, smoking, diabetes mellitus, HTN, obesity

arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis

Treatment includes dietary changes, smoking cessation, treat and control hypertension and diabetes, hyperlipidemic drugs (Lovastatin)

arteriosclerosis: atherosclerosis

Weakening and resulting local dilation of the wall of an artery

aneurysm

Prognosis depends on the location of the artery and the extent

aneurysm

Caused by a build-up of atherosclerotic plaque that weakens the vessel wall

aneurysm

Treatment depends on size, location, likelihood of rupture; can include surgical repair before the aneurysm leaks or ruptures if known

aneurysm

Inflammation of a vein that occurs most often in lower legs but any vein may be affected

phlebitis

Cause is uncertain and may be idiopathic; possible causes include venous stasis, obesity, blood disorders, injury, surgery

phlebitis

Treatment is symptomatic

phlebitis

The result of an inflammation of a vein w formation of a thrombus on the vessel wall

thrombophlebitis

Causes include venous stasis, blood disorders that cause hypercoagulation, injury to venous wall

thrombophlebitis

Treatment includes immobilizing the affected part, and administering heparin to prevent the clot from enlarging

thrombophlebitis

Swollen, tortuous, and knotted veins that usually occur in the lower legs

varicose veins

There is no clearly identifiable cause, but is suspected to be due to defective/absent valves

varicose veins

Treatment includes stripping and ligation, sclerosing injections

varicose veins

Inflammation of peripheral arteries/veins of extremities w clot formation that can lead to ulcers and gangrene

thromboangiitis obliterans

Primary cause is long-term tobacco use

thromboangiitis obliterans

Treatment includes immediate smoking cessation, medication to improve circulation, surgery to detour around or bore through a clot, amputation of gangrenous tissue

thromboangiitis obliterans

Primary vasospastic condition of the fingers, hands, or feet, causing pain, numbness and sometimes discoloration

Raynaud's disease

If Raynaud's disease occurs secondary to another disease, it is called ______

Raynaud’s phenomenon

Caused by spasm of small peripheral arteries triggered by cold, stress, smoking tobacco

Raynaud's disease

Treatment: warm the affected area, stop smoking, avoid cold and stress

Raynaud's disease