Outcome 4

Question 1

what is asexual reproduction?

Answer 1

is a form of reproduction in which on parental organism produces genetically identical offspring

Question 2

advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 2

• no need to find mates
• faster rate of production
• less energy required

Question 3

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 3

• no genetic diversity
• disease could kill all organisms
• evolution may be affected

Question 4

properties of amoeba

Answer 4

• eukaryotic
• microscopic
• animal
• aquatic

Question 5

what type of cells does binary fission occur in?

Answer 5

prokaryotic

Question 6

outline the steps of binary fission in prokaryotes

Answer 6

1. chromosomes replicate
2. duplicates move to either side of the cell + the cell elongates
3. cell “pinches off” around the middle
4. new cell wall starts to be layed around the membrane
5. two new cells are produced

Question 7

outline the steps of prophase

Answer 7

• chromosomes condense and become clear
• nuclear membrane breaks down
• centrioles replicate and move to opposite poles of the cell
• spindle forms

Question 8

outline the steps of metaphase

Answer 8

• nuclear membrane completely gone
• spindle fibre full formed and centrioles are at opposite poles of the cell
• each chromosome attaches itself to a spindle fibre along the centromere

Question 9

outline the steps of anaphase

Answer 9

• the spindle fibres contract and pull chromatids away

- chromatids dragged to opposite poles of the cell

Question 10

outline the steps of telophase

Answer 10

• chromosomes have started to uncondense
• new nuclear membrane forms around the cell and nucleus
• cell “pinches off” around the middle

Question 11

what is cytokenesis?

Answer 11

division of the cell

Question 12

what is parthenogenesis?

Answer 12

“virgin birth,” only one sex is needed for reproduction and all offspring have a haploid number of chromosomes e.g. whiptail lizard

Question 13

what is vegetitive reproduction?

Answer 13

is reproduction for plants

Question 14

how do single celled eukaryotes asexually reproduce?

Answer 14

binary fission involving mitosis e.g. amoeba

Question 15

what is spore formation?

Answer 15

spores are small cells produced via mitosis, the spores are released into the air and land to grow a new fungus from that spore e.g. bread mould fungus

Question 16

what is budding?

Answer 16

(coral, sea anenomes, hydras) a new ‘hydra’ grows off the parent hydra, the new hydra is a result of mitosis and will be genetically identical to the parent

Question 17

what are rhizomes?

Answer 17

underground stems-buds and roots sprout from nodes to produce a new daughter plant (buds, nodes, scale-like leaves)
e.g. austral bracken, many reeds and grasses (kikuyu grass)

Question 18

what are cuttings, runners + suckers?

Answer 18

cuttings- with some plants it’s possible to clone them by taking cuttings off shoots, roots or leaves and planting them e.g. geraniums
runners- runners grow away from the parent plant, at alternate nodes on the runner new buds give rise to roots, leaves, flowers and fruit e.g. strawberries
suckers- are new shoots that arise from an underground root at some distance from the parent plant e.g. blackberries (up to 2m from parent plant)

Question 19

what are tubers and bulbs?

Answer 19

tubers- swollen underground stems e.g. potatoes

bulbs- underground structures w/ short stems + many closely packed fleshy leaves e.g. onions

Question 20

how can we clone plants and how does it work?

Answer 20

cuttings + tissue culture (generally in a lab) are both forced vegetation propagation

Question 21

how can we clone animals and how does it work?

Answer 21

embryo splitting- artificially fertilized embryo are split in a lab, all offspring are genetically identical
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer- SCNT is taking the embryo from the female created by two animals mating and removing the nucleus (enucleating) and taking a somatic cell from a different animal, by placing it next to the embryo cell and using electric pulses the two cells merge to become one cell, the embryo is then placed back in the original female animal

Question 22

what are issues associated with cloning animals?

Answer 22

inefficiency
expensive
health issue for the cloned animal
ethical objections by society

Question 23

what are plantlets?

Answer 23

small plantlets arise on the fonds (in ferns) and once big enough drop off and take root

Question 24

advantages of tissue culturing

Answer 24

• slow growing plants can be produced in large numbers
• can be grown all year round
• controlled conditions of temperature + day length
• virus free
• can travel around the world as they are pest free