Outcome 1

Question 1

Which structures and organelles are membrane bound?

Answer 1

nucleus, mitochondria, the e.r, the gogli complex and lyosomes

Question 2

Function of cell wall

Answer 2

located outside and around the cell membrane

are present in prokaryotic and plant/algae cells

Question 3

Function of the nucleus

Answer 3

enclosed in a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope
the envelope is lined by the NPC (nuclear pore complex)
contains DNA and RNA

Question 4

Function of the mitochondria

Answer 4

continually use and replace ATP
ATP is produced here
only present in eukaryotic cells
ATP produced via cellular respiration

Question 5

Function of ribosomes

Answer 5

are the site in which proteins are made
proteins are made from amino acids
ribosomes are attached to the e.r.

Question 6

Function of ER

Answer 6

interconnected system of membrane enclosed flattened channels
only rough e.r. has ribosomes connected to it
both involved in transportation within cells.

Question 7

Function of rough ER

Answer 7

involved in transporting proteins to various locations within the cell

Question 8

Function of smooth ER

Answer 8

stores and transports lipids i.e. fats

involved in manufacturing substances, detoxifying harmful products and storage of substances

Question 9

Function of golgi complex

Answer 9

exports proteins that are intended for use outside the cells where they are formed
is a multilayer structure composed of stacks if membrane-lined channels

Question 10

Functions of lyosomes

Answer 10

a sac filled with fluid containing digestive enzymes
in plant cells vacuoles carry out a similar function
digests macromolecules, breaks down non functional cell organelles and breaks down substances such as bacteria

Question 11

Function of peroxisomes

Answer 11

single membrane boundary
contains a large number of enzymes
breaks down long chain fatty acids
carries out several functions in cellular metabolism

Question 12

Functions of chloroplasts

Answer 12

photosynthesis occurs here
are green due to the light trapping chlorophyll
each chloroplast is enclosed in two membranes
the third membrane is flattened to create an intricate structure of layers of grana
are not present in all plant cells

Question 13

Function of the cytoskeleton

Answer 13

supplies support and strength for the cell
determines the shape of the cell
moves chromosomes during cell division and facilitates movement of cell organelles within a cell

Question 14

Function of flagella

Answer 14

present in unicellular organisms
sometimes found in animals although very rare to be found in a plant cell
are long and only one maybe two can be present in one cell
have long “tails” for movement
i.e. human sperm have a flagellum that enables them to move

Question 15

Function of cilia

Answer 15

are smaller than the flagella but multiple can occur in a cell
i.e. the combined effort of many cilia move mucus up the trachea

Question 16

Key differences between an optical and electron microscope

Answer 16

optical microscopes operate at a lower level of resolution although images are usually colored unlike an electron microscope, living cells can be viewed on an optical microscope

Question 17

Functions of the plasma membrane

Answer 17

is an active and selective boundary
denotes cell identity
receives external signals
transports materials

Question 18

Explain cell identity

Answer 18

glycoproteins on the outer plasma membrane functions as cell surface markers
i.e. in mammals, these markers enable the immune system to identify these cells as ‘self’ and distinguish them from foreign cells

Question 19

Define an impermeable, permeable and selectively permeable barrier

Answer 19

impermeable: no substance can cross it
permeable: any substance can cross it
selectively permeable: allows some substances to cross and can block others

Question 20

Explain simple diffusion

Answer 20

the means of transport of small lipophilic substances
from a region of high concentration to low concentration
going down a concentration gradient, therefore, doesn’t require an input of energy

Question 21

Explain osmosis

Answer 21

the movement of solvents (water)
the water moves across a semipermeable membrane that is permeable to water but not solute molecules
moves up the concentration gradient
doesn’t require an input of energy

Question 22

Define solute, solvent and solution

Answer 22

Solute: substance that is dissolved
Solvent: liquid in which a substance dissolves
Solution: liquid mixture of solvent and solute

Question 23

Define hypotonic, hypertonic and isontic

Answer 23

Hypotonic: having a lower solute concentration than the cell contents
Hypertonic: having a high solute concentration than the cells contents
Isontic: having an equal solute concentration than the cell contents

Question 24

Explain facilitated diffusion

Answer 24

protein-mediated transport
doesn’t require an input of energy and moves substances down their concentration gradient
enables molecules that cannot diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer to move across through protein transporters

Question 25

Function of a channel proteins

Answer 25

has a central water-filled pore in which dissolved substances can pass down their concentration gradient
specific for charged particles and polar molecules
creates a hydrophilic passage across the plasma membrane that bypasses the bilayer

Question 26

Function of carrier proteins

Answer 26

are specific for the molecule they transport
after binding to its molecule the protein changes shape as it delivers its cargo to the other side of the membrane
diffusion of hydrophilic uncharged substances

Question 27

Explain active transport

Answer 27

moving substances across a plasma membrane against the direction they would travel by diffusion
can only occur with input of ATP
from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration
proteins transport specific substances
moves polar molecules and ions
protein changes shape during the process
some pumps can transport two substances simultaneously

Question 28

Explain endocytosis

Answer 28

the process of bulk transport into a cell
if the material is food it is called phagocytosis
requires an input of ATP
pinocytosis - a form of endocytosis that involves material in a solution

Question 29

Explain exocytosis

Answer 29

bulk transport out of the cell
requires an input of ATP
vesicles formed within a cell fuse with the plasma membrane before the contents of the vesicles are released from the cell

Question 30

Define hydrophilic

Answer 30

water-loving molecules dissolve readily in water

Question 31

Define lipophilic

Answer 31

substances dissolve readily in organic solvents such as benzene

Question 32

Define hydrophilic

Answer 32

water fearing molecules are usually lipophilic (lipid loving)

Question 33

What are the two major components of the plasma membrane?

Answer 33

Phospholipids and proteins

Question 34

What is a glycoprotein?

Answer 34

protein with a carbohydrate attached

Question 35

What is a glycolipid?

Answer 35

lipid with a carbohydrate attached

Question 36

What is cholesterol?

Answer 36

holds the phospholipid bilayer together

Question 37

What are integral proteins?

Answer 37

are embedded in the plasma membrane

Question 38

What are peripheral proteins?

Answer 38

are either anchored or attached to the exterior of the plasma membrane