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AP Gov > Outcome 3 > Flashcards

Outcome 3 Flashcards

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U.S. Government Basics flashcards AP® U.S. Government flashcards
1
Q

Civil Rights

A

policies designed to protect people against arbitrary/discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals

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2
Q

14th amendment

A

privileges and immunities, due process clause, equal protection clause

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3
Q

13th amendment

A

abolished slavery

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4
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A
  • racial discrimination in public accommodations illegal
  • forbade employment discrimination
  • EEOC monitor and enforce protections against job discrimination
  • strengthened voting rights
  • withheld federal grants that practiced racial discrimination
  • authorized US justice department to initiate lawsuits to desegregate public schools/facilities
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5
Q

Suffrage

A

legal right to vote

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6
Q

Poll taxes

A

small taxes levied on the right to vote. Used by southern states to exclude African Americans from voting

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7
Q

White primary

A

primary elections that African Americans were excluded from

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8
Q

24th Amendment

A

prohibits poll taxes in state elections

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9
Q

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A

laws that help end formal/informal barriers to African American suffrage

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10
Q

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A

equality of rights under the law shall not be denied/abridges by the US or states on account of sex

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11
Q

Comparable worth

A

Men and women are not always compensated equally for work

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12
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

A

requires employers and public facilities to make reasonable accommodations for people with disabilities. Prohibit discrimination against them in employment

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13
Q

Affirmative Action

A

policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of a previously disadvantaged group

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14
Q

Equal protection of the laws

A

part of 14th amendment; laws must provide equal protection to everyone

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15
Q

19th amendment

A

extended voting rights to women

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16
Q

15th amendment

A

extended voting rights to African Americans

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17
Q

Shield law

A

laws that protect witnesses from revealing certain info in court

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18
Q

Libel

A

the publication of false and malicious statements that may damage someone’s reputation. Unusual for someone to pursue a libel case.

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19
Q

Commercial speech

A

communication in the form of advertising

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20
Q

Why is it more difficult for public figures to win libel lawsuits?

A

private individuals have lower standards to meet

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21
Q

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

A

regulates content, nature, and very existence of radio and tv broadcasting

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22
Q

Freedom of Assembly- right to assemble

A

gather together to make a statement. Can conflict with other societal values

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23
Q

Freedom of Assembly- right to associate

A

Right to associate with people who share common interest, including interest in political change

24
Q

Probable cause

A

Reasonable grounds for believing that a person is guilty of a crime

25
Q

Unreasonable search and seizure

A

obtaining evidence in an unlawful manner (prohibited by 4th amendment)

26
Q

Search warrant

A

written authorization from a court specifying the area to be searched and what the police may search for

27
Q

What do police need to make a legal and proper search for and seizure of incriminating evidence

A

probable cause, search warrant

28
Q

Plea bargaining

A

A bargain between a defendant’s lawyer and prosecutor to the effect that the defendant will plead guilty to a lesser crime in exchange for the state’s promise to not prosecute the defendant for a more serious crime or additional crime

29
Q

Positives of plea bargaining

A

Saves the state the time and money that would be spent on trial, lesser charge for the defendant

30
Q

Negatives of plea bargaining

A

Criminals might not get the full punishment they deserve

31
Q

5 stages of the criminal justice system

A
  1. Crime (evidence gathered,
    suspicion cast)
  2. Arrest
  3. Prosecution (interrogation held,
    imprisonment)
  4. Trial
  5. Verdict (punishment imposed if
    guilty)
32
Q

How is a right to privacy implied?

A
  • freedom of religion
  • 3rd amendment (no quartering of soldiers)
  • 4th amendment (no unreasonable searches+seizures)
  • due process clause
  • Griswold v. Connecticut (Constitutional rights implies right to privacy)
33
Q

Are rights guaranteed by the 4-8th amendments more beneficial to criminals or society at large?

A

These rights protect all Americans, but make it more difficult to punish criminals

34
Q

Key types of inequality in America

A
  • racial discrimination
  • gender discrimination
  • discrimination based on age, disability, sexual orientation, etc.
35
Q

Equal opportunity

A

everyone has the same chance to succeed

36
Q

Equal results

A

different groups have the same percent of success in obtaining these jobs

37
Q

Standards for classification under the equal protection clause based on race and ethnicity

A

inherently suspect (difficult to meet)

38
Q

Standards for classification under the equal protection clause based on gender

A

intermediate scrutiny (moderately difficult to meet)

39
Q

Standards for classification under the equal protection clause based on other groups (age, wealth, etc.)

A

reasonableness (easy to meet)

40
Q

Policy focus during the slavery era

A

any public policy of the slave states or federal government had to accommodate the property interests of slave owners

41
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

enacted by southern white people to segregate African Americans from white people

42
Q

Policy focus during the reconstruction and desegregation era

A

After the civil war ended, Congress imposed strict conditions on the former confederate states before they could be readmitted to the union

43
Q

Grandfather clause

A

exempted persons whose grandfathers were eligible to vote in 1860 from taking literacy tests

44
Q

Policy focus during the civil rights era

A

current civil right policies conform to the 18th century idea of limited government

45
Q

De jure segregation

A

“by law”

46
Q

De facto segregation

A

“in reality” (by social standings)

47
Q

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

A

Created in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to monitor and enforce protections against job discrimination

48
Q

How did Southern states deny African American’s the right to vote?

A
  • required voters to take literacy tests
  • relied on poll taxes
  • white primary
  • grandfather clause
49
Q

Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978

A

illegal for employers to exclude pregnancy and childbirth from sick leave and health benefits plan

50
Q

Gender inequality in the military

A
  • Women weren’t permitted to serve in the most intense/physically hazardous combat positions until 2015
  • Male-only draft is not considered as gender discrimination
51
Q

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

A

added people with disabilities to the list of Americans protected from discrimination

52
Q

Discrimination towards LGBTQ+

A

discrimination in hiring, education, access to public accommodations, marriage, housing, etc.

53
Q

How does equality threaten liberty?

A

equality favors majority rule, so if the majority wants to deprive the minority of certain rights, the principle of equality can cause the denial of minority rights, and the principle of liberty condemns this action.

54
Q

Civil rights and the scope of government

A

civil rights policies limit government discrimination, but it requires an active government effort to protect minority rights

55
Q

How civil rights laws increase the power of government

A

by regulating the behavior of individuals and institutions…
- restaurants must serve everyone regardless of race
- professional schools must admit women
- employers must accommodate people with disabilities

56
Q

Gun Control Act of 1968

A
  • prohibits certain people from buying/possessing weapons
  • guidelines for firearm purchases

AP Gov (10 decks)

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