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Medical Principles For The Administrator BSMSA > Outcome 2 (Principles Of Infection) > Flashcards

Outcome 2 (Principles Of Infection) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q
  1. What is a pathogenic microorganism?
A

An organism of microscopic size, too small to be seen, and usually a bacterium or virus. Can also be a fungus or protozoa, which causes disease.

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2
Q
  1. What is bacteria?
A

A single cell or non-cellular organism

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3
Q
  1. What is a virus?
A

Replicates itself only within the cells of living hosts

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4
Q
  1. What is a fungus?
A

These could be yeasts or moulds, distinct from green plants.

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5
Q
  1. What is a protozoa?
A

A single cell organism that can only divide within a host.

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6
Q
  1. What are 5 key ways pathogenic micro-organisms might enter the body?
A

Inhalation, ingestion, inoculation, bodily fluids, via the placenta

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7
Q
  1. What are the different ways a pathogenic microorganism could be taken into the body through inhalation?
A

The drawing in of air or other gases, transmitted by airborne infection- the transmission of an infectious agent suspended in the air

Droplet infection- this is when an infection in contained in droplets of moisture expelled through a sneeze, cough or vomit

Taken into the lungs when inhaling vomit

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8
Q
  1. What are the different ways a pathogenic microorganism might be taken into the body via ingestion?
A

Taken into the digestive tract when eating or drinking via fingers or fomites (inanimate objects capable of carrying infection) or on utensils.

By eating or drinking contaminated food or liquids

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9
Q
  1. How would a pathogenic microorganism enter the body through inoculation?
A

Through injuries that penetrate the skin (ie needle stick injuries or the use of contaminated needles)

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10
Q
  1. How would pathogenic microorganisms enter the body via bodily fluids?
A

Semen or blood

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11
Q
  1. How would pathogenic microorganisms enter the body through the placenta?
A

Cross infection between mother and baby during pregnancy.

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12
Q
  1. What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
A

Sign= observed by another (medical professional)

Symptom= observed by the patient

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13
Q
  1. What are 5 key signs that show infection?
A

Increased temperature, increased breathing rate, elevated white cell count, fever, redness and swelling

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14
Q
  1. What are 6 key symptoms of infection?
A

Pain, malaise (tiredness), nausea, pyrexia (fever), headache, hot and cold shivers

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15
Q
  1. What does COSHH stand for?
A

Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health

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16
Q
  1. What does PPE stand for?
A

Personal Protective Equipment

17
Q
  1. When should you use PPE (for instance gloves)
A

When handling specimens

18
Q
  1. Where should specimens be stored?
A

A safe appropriate place away from the patient area- they should also be transported to the lab ASAP and in the specified manner

19
Q
  1. What are two precautions that should be taken when sealing specimens in containers?
A

Make sure the lid of the container is securely on to avoid spillage

Make sure there is no contamination of the specimen from outside the container

20
Q
  1. What should you wear if there is a risk of specimens splashing or spraying?
A

Wear a mask or goggles

21
Q
  1. What are 6 precautionary steps you should always take as a medical professional to avoid cross contamination?
A
  • Wash hands before and after dealing with patients
  • Standard disposal of clinical waste (yellow bag or sharps box directly after use)
  • If bedding required, should be fresh and disposable (new for each patient)
  • Use of disposable roll on examination tables and wiping surfaces after each patient
  • Use PPE when cleaning spillages and have a dedicated spillage cleaning kit
  • carry out infection control daily in all areas
22
Q
  1. What are the 6 steps to cleaning up bodily fluids?
A
  • WASH HANDS!!
  • PPE must be worn
  • Safety signs must be displayed
  • Specialised cleaning utensils must be used
  • The use of granules or sand
  • The use of disinfectant
23
Q
  1. What colour bin bag for general waste?
A

Black

24
Q
  1. What colour bin bag for clinical waste?
A

Yellow

25
Q
  1. What does clinical waste mean?
A

Any item contaminated with human tissue. Bodily fluids. Dressings. Gloves. Drugs and other pharmaceutical products.

26
Q
  1. Where should clinical waste be stored?
A

Away from patients whilst awaiting collection

27
Q
  1. What should be placed in a yellow sharps box?
A

Used and unsheathed needles

28
Q
  1. Precautions surrounding the yellow sharps box:
A

Must never be filled more than 2/3 full, and must be kept away from the public at all times.

Medical Principles For The Administrator BSMSA (6 decks)

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