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our primate relatives Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why are primates studied

A

because it helps us learn about humans as models for anatomy, behavior, and shared adaptations

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2
Q

what are the four main categories of derived traits for PRIMATES

A
  1. post cranium
  2. cranium
  3. life history
  4. ecology & habitat
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3
Q

what does postcranium mean

A

anything that is not the head

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4
Q

list some post cranium adaptations of primates

A

-pentadactyly
-prehensile hands
-hallax
-nails
-finger/toe pads
-finger prints
-hind-limb dominated locomotion
-tendency toward vertical postures
-clavicle gives more shoulder motion

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5
Q

what is pentadactyly

A

having 5 fingers or 5 toes on each hand/foot

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6
Q

what is prehensile hands

A

adapted for grasping

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7
Q

what is the hallax and why do humans not have it

A

hallax is the opposable big toe
humans dont have and we have the derived trait of inline big toes

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8
Q

what are some cranium adaptations of primates

A

-decreased olfaction
-emphasized vision
-post orbital bar
-forward facing eyes
-stereoscopic vision
-increased visual processing
-less prognathic
-encephalization quotient
-function based dentition

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9
Q

what is decreased olfaction

A

less reliance on scent

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10
Q

what is the post orbital bar

A

the eye has a bone going around it that is completely closed if there is a post orbital bar, but if not there would be a hole or it wouldnt be present at all

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11
Q

what is stereoscopic vision

A

depth perception

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12
Q

what is less prognathic mean

A

less of a snout

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13
Q

what is the encephalization quotient

A

EQ is the brain:body size ratio
humans have large brain for a smaller body

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14
Q

what are the four types of teeth
what is human dentition formula

A

incisors, canine, premolars and molars
2 1 2 3

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15
Q

what does life history mean as an adaptation of primates

A

how the animal spreads growth & reproduction out over its lifetime

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16
Q

what is unique about primates life history vs other animals

A

primates LIVE SLOW LIVE LONG while most animals LIVE FAST DIE YOUNG

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17
Q

what are some characteristics of the adapted life history of primates

A

-long lives
-later reproduction
-single offspring at a time
-long interbirth intervals
-long gestation
-lots of investment of offspring
-long infant dependency

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18
Q

what are the ecological adaptations of primates

A

-tropical distribution
-relatively omnivorous
-diurnal
-social living
-behavior learning & flexibility

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19
Q

what are the names of the two theories for why primates have derived these traits from the last common ancestor

A

arboreal hypothesis
visual predation hypothesis

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20
Q

what is the arboreal hypothesis

A

primates have these derived traits because they adapted to living in a 3D arboreal environment (xyz axis)

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21
Q

what is the visual predation hypothesis

A

primates have the derived traits because it makes them more competitive as predators
convergence of traits with predators who rely on vision and grabbing to catch prey.

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22
Q

what are primates most closest relatives

A

bats, tree shrews, colugos

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23
Q

what is the typical environment that primates live in

A

tropical areas or forest bc arboreal

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24
Q

where are fossils of primates found vs where are they living today (exclude humans obv)

A

found in north america and europe, living in the americas, africa and asia

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25
Q

about how many primate species are there in the world

A

300

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26
Q

T/F all primate species are equally related to one another

A

FALSE

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27
Q

taxonomy order go

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

dom the
king
purchased
cats
on
friday
+ genus + species

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28
Q

what are the two major suborders of primates

A

Strepsirrhine and Haplorrhine

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29
Q

what primate species are strepsirrhines

A

lemurs and lorises

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30
Q

what primate species are haplorrhines

A

tarsiers
NW monkeys
OW monkeys
apes

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31
Q

what species are platyrrhines

A

NW monkeys

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32
Q

what species are catarrhines

A

OW monkeys & apes

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33
Q

where are strepsirrhines found

A

africa asia and madagascar

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34
Q

what are some tarsier traits

A

-huge eyes
-tiny body & small brain
-cling & leap locomotion
-insectivores

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35
Q

where are platyrrhines found

A

tropical forests of central and south america

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36
Q

what are some common NW monkey species

A

squirrel monkey, spider monkey, capuchin monkey

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37
Q

what are some NW monkey traits

A

-arboreal quadrupeds
-smaller than catarrhines

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38
Q

what is the common name of the family cercopithecoidea

A

OW monkeys

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39
Q

where are OW monkeys found

A

africa and asia

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40
Q

what are some examples of OW monkey species

A

colobus monkey, baboons, macaques

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41
Q

what are the names of the two groups within the family apes

A

lesser apes and greater apes

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42
Q

what are the species within the category lesser apes

A

gibbons & siamangs

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43
Q

what are the species within the category greater apes

A

orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, humans

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44
Q

what is the orangutan genus

A

pongo

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45
Q

what is the gorilla genus

A

gorilla

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46
Q

what is the chimpanzee & bonobo genus

A

pan

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47
Q

what is the human genus

A

homo

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48
Q

draw the flow chart cladogram of all apes

A

siamangs & gibbons
orangutans
gorillas
humans
chimps & bonobos

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49
Q

T/F apes have large brains

A

TRUE relative to their body size & in general

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50
Q

T/F some apes have tails

A

FALSE apes are tailless

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51
Q

what are some traits of the lesser apes

A

-arboreal
-very long arms
-brachiators (swing from branches)
-pair bonding
-territorial duets

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52
Q

what primate is only found in borneo & sumatra

A

orangutans

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53
Q

what is the largest arboreal animal

A

orangutans

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54
Q

what are orangutans eating habits, social habits, and mating habits

A

-fruit leaves & bark
-solitary
-male to male competition for mates

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55
Q

T/F there is a northern and southern gorilla

A

FALSE it is western and eastern gorilla

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56
Q

where are gorillas mostly found

A

central africa

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57
Q

what is the largest ape

A

gorilla

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58
Q

what are gorillas eating, and social habits

A

-mixed vegetation & fruit
-one male + multi female

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59
Q

where are bonobos found

A

congo

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60
Q

T/F bonobos have strong female bonding

A

TRUE

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61
Q

what are bonobos eating, social and mating/dispersal habits

A

-fruit, vegetation & some meat
-multi male + multi female
-female dispersal when reproductive age hits

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62
Q

where are chimpanzees found

A

equatorial africa

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63
Q

T/F chimpanzees have strong female bonding

A

FALSE they have strong male bonding

64
Q

what are chimpanzees eating, social, and mating/dispersal habits

A

-fruit, vegetation & meat
-multi male + multi female
-female dispersal

65
Q

what percent of the day to primates typically spend eating

A

80%

66
Q

what are the four factors that determine how much food a primate needs

A
  1. basal metabolic rate
  2. active metabolism
  3. growth rate
  4. reproductive effort
67
Q

what are traits of insectivores

A

-eat insects
-small body size
-sharp high crests on molars
-simple digestive system

68
Q

what are traits of folivores

A

-eat leaves
-large body size
-sharp shearing crests on molars
-enlarged and developed digestive system

69
Q

what are traits of frugivores

A

-eat fruits
-medium body size
-low cusp flat molars
-large but unspecialized digestive system

70
Q

what are traits of gumnivores

A

-eat gum/sap
-small body size
-long robust incisors
-claws sometimes

71
Q

what primates will sometimes eat other monkeys

A

chimpanzees

72
Q

what are tubers

A

roots (potatoes carrots) and some primates eat tubers too

73
Q

rank the diet types from smallest body size to largest body size

A
  1. gumnivore
  2. insectivore
  3. frugivore
  4. folivore
74
Q

T/F primates eat primarily plant products

A

TRUE

75
Q

T/F primates want to gain the most carbs possible

A

FALSE they will focus on eating one food high in carbs and another food high in protein to stay balanced

76
Q

T/F diet can affect home ranges

A

TRUE the accessibility of food can change where the species chooses to live, and some seasons will have more present food than others

77
Q

T/F primates are nomadic

A

FALSE they are not wanderers and will typically have a home range

78
Q

what is a home range vs a territory

A

home range is the area of land covered by the normal movements and activities of the species
territory is when a home range is being defended

79
Q

what are some common predators of primates

A

-snakes
-crocodiles
-raptors
-carnivores
-other primates
-humans

80
Q

T/F terrestrial primates are most susceptible to predation

A

TRUE

81
Q

what traits have terrestrial primates evolved that reduce predation

A

larger body sizes and bigger group living and vocalizing alarm calls

82
Q

what are the benefits to a bigger group size

A

-detection: more individuals to see predator
-deterrence: mob of animals is harder to attack than a lone one
-dilution: less individual chance of getting eaten when more individuals to take from

83
Q

T/F vervet monkeys have specialized alarm calls for different predators

A

TRUE

84
Q

which haplorrhines are NOT social

A

tarsiers and orangutans are not social

85
Q

since haplorrhines are social, what kind of trait is solidarity for orangutans

A

a derived trait

86
Q

what are benefits of group living

A

-avoidance of predators (ddd & chance of being eaten)
-inter-group feeding competition (group members will defend feeding sites from other groups)
-more access to mates
-can displace other groups

87
Q

what are costs of group living

A

-intra-group feeding competition (other members get there first)
-mating competition
-interbreeding more likely
-disease spreading

88
Q

what are the names of the 5 types of social living groups

A

-solitary
-pair bonded
-polyandry
-polygyny one male
-polygyny multi male

89
Q

what is the solitary social group and what species do it

A

just mom and kids until they grow up and leave
orangutans

90
Q

what is the pair bonded social group and what species do it

A

one male and one female
gibbons & siamangs

91
Q

what is the polyandrous social group and what species do it

A

one female with multiple males
NW monkeys

92
Q

what is the polygynous one male social group and what species do it

A

one male and multiple females
gorillas

93
Q

what is the polygynous multi male social group and what species do it

A

multiple males and multiple females
chimpanzees and bonobos

94
Q

what does it mean to be philopatric

A

when the primates disperse and immigrate to new communities

95
Q

what is female philopatry and what species is it found in

A

when the MALES disperse to other groups and the female remains in the same place
-gorillas, baboons and monkeys

96
Q

what is male philopatry and what species is it found in

A

when the FEMALES disperse to other groups and the male remains in the same place
-chimpanzees and bonobos

97
Q

what is a mating system

A

the way that a species finds mates and cares for offspring

98
Q

what is mammalian asymmetry and give some examples

A

mammal traits that constrain evolution
(mammals will all inevitably have these things, so evolution must work around them and cannot change them)
-sexual reproduction
-female gestation
-female lactation
-variation in reproductive success (# offspring)

99
Q

what is optimization

A

maximizing benefits and minimizing costs

100
Q

T/F reproductive effort is referring to the mating effort of the individuals

A

FALSE it refers to the mating effort and the parenting effort of the individuals

101
Q

what is the general reproductive effort for a male-female relationship and what is it called

A

males invest more in mating, females invest more in parenting
called reproductive asymmetry: different investment strategies based on sex

102
Q

what are male reproductive strategies

A
  1. focus on finding new mates
  2. focus on helping offspring survive
103
Q

since chimps are a solitary species, what changes about their reproductive strategies

A

there is not paternal care, so the father might not even recognize their own offspring, only the mother touches the baby for the first few months

104
Q

what are the ways that females are biologically required to invest in their offspring

A

growing the baby during gestation is energetically demanding and there are long lactation periods that require energy

105
Q

T/F limited resources equates to a higher age of maturation and a longer interbirth period

A

TRUE because they are unable to have the resources to sustain their gestation periods or raise the offspring without starving

106
Q

T/F humans are weird bc they live a long time after they last give birth

A

TRUE most other primates give birth until they die

107
Q

what is lactational amenorrhea

A

this is the thing that determines the interbirth period
this means that the breastfeeding is temporarily preventing pregnancy because they will be infertile and without a period by changing the hormones when the baby is sucking the nipple
-helps with not over making babies for the mother to have to take care of
-quantity vs quality

108
Q

what is weaning

A

when the infant becomes more independent and breastfeeding is stopped so the mother has enough energy to conceive again

109
Q

how does rank increase reproductive success

A

because it makes resources more available bc they can take from lower ranked individuals

110
Q

what is the monogamy mating system

A

mating system that mates with only one other individual during a specific mating period
DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN PAIR BONDED

111
Q

what is serial monogamy

A

where they switch partners every mating season
lifelong monogamy is not common but serial monogamy is

112
Q

what is extra pair copulations and why might it happen

A

copulation outside of the partnership for this mating period
-females want this to happen to ensure they get pregnant and may have multiple males providing for her and offspring
-males want this to have as many offspring as possible because they can and why not

113
Q

what are the two types of polygamy mating systems and what does polygamy mean

A

polyandry and polygyny
-means mating with more than one individual during a specific mating season

114
Q

what is the polyandry mating system

A

one female mating with multiple males

115
Q

what is the polygyny mating system

A

one male mating with multiple females

116
Q

why would females like polygamy

A

because they would have multiple males who have a chance of the offspring being theres, so they can bring more resources to her

117
Q

what is mate guarding and what mating system is it common in

A

common in polygyny mating system where the males will physically prevent the female from mating with other males

118
Q

what is the polygyny threshold model

A

predicts that females will choose to have a polygynous mate when it is most beneficial to their offspring instead of some other choice
-if monogamy and polygyny would both produce reproductive success, then the female would rather choose monogamy

119
Q

what is the biggest limiting factor for female reproductive success

A

resources

120
Q

what is the biggest limiting factor for male reproductive success

A

access to females

121
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

male and female have different traits/sizes

122
Q

T/F increased male aggression shows decreased sexual dimorphism

A

FALSE they would both be increased

123
Q

what is sexual selection

A

a form of natural selection that comes from one sex preferentially picking their mates based on their features

124
Q

what is intrasexual selection

A

males compete against each other to get a female

125
Q

what is intersexual selection

A

females choose the most attractive traits for her mate

126
Q

T/F increased male to male competition will increase sexual dimorphism

A

TRUE pair bonds have low dimorphism
one male multi female has super high
multi male multi female has middle

127
Q

what is estrus

A

the portion of the female reproductive cycle when fertilization of the egg is possible

128
Q

how is teste size affected by competition

A

more competition between the males means that the testes are smaller because once they win the competition, their sperm dont necessarily need to perform better bc the female is solely theirs (gorillas)
less competition means that the sperm needs to be more and work better so the testes would be bigger to try to win against the other sperm in reaching the egg (chimpanzees)
humans have some competition but are mostly just based on other traits, so they have relatively middle body:teste ratio

129
Q

what is a copulatory plug (sperm plug)

A

something that is ejaculated into the female that clogs the pathway so that other males sperm cannot reach the egg and their sperm can have a better chance of staying in to reach the egg (found in chimps)

130
Q

what is infanticide

A

a male reproductive tactic where they kill the infants so the female can reproduce faster by ending lactational amenorrhea

131
Q

what are female counterstrategies to infanticide

A

-extend their swelling periods so they can copulate with more males, so that they all could think that the infant is theirs and so will be less likely to kill it (paternity confusion)
-they can cause an abortion to happen by stress to avoid all together

132
Q

why should they not be called monkey bars

A

because the apes are the ones that would actual swing like this, the monkeys probably wouldve just crawled on top not swung

133
Q

what is the thought of how chimps and bonobos separated into different species

A

allopatric speciation from the congo river couldve put some chimps in the other size and they evolved into bonobos

134
Q

what is fission-fusion dynamics in the chimps & bonobo populations

A

where they sleep all together at night, but then during the day they will separate into smaller groups but then come back together at night again

135
Q

T/F chimps & bonobos have sexual swelling

A

TRUE

136
Q

T/F chimps are thought to be “peaceful” and bonobos are thought to be “aggressive”

A

FALSE chimps = aggressive
bonobos = peaceful
although we see this might not actually be the case

137
Q

T/F bonobos have longer sexual swelling periods that chimps

A

TRUE

138
Q

T/F chimpanzees have more female to male aggression

A

FALSE bonobos have more (think about pulling branch video with the females attacking males because they were dragging it)

139
Q

T/F in chimps and bonobos, more aggressive males = more copulations with females

A

TRUE

140
Q

are chimps or bonobos better to study for humans

A

both have similarities and differences, so a mix of both is probably best
(used to only study chimps but that isnt beneficial bc both have similarities and differences that could help)

141
Q

what is the chimpanzees coalition strategy

A

working together to fight against other chimps

142
Q

what is the bonobo individualistic strategy

A

working alone to fight other bonobos

143
Q

T/F studies show that bonobos are more aggressive than their “peaceful” description previously thought

A

TRUE

144
Q

what kind of teeth do primates have

A

heterodont teeth

145
Q

what is the pattern in ape teeth and the name

A

Y pattern into 5 sections
BUNODONT

146
Q

what is the pattern in OW monkey teeth and the name

A

t pattern into 4 sections
BILOPHODONT

147
Q

what are some examples of cooperative living

A

grooming, alarm calls, alliances, and predator defense

148
Q

why would cooperative living be beneficial

A

-if the food is hard to find but would feed a lot of individuals once found
-predator awareness and deterrance

149
Q

what is the prisoners dilemma and how does it relate to cooperative living

A

where depending on who confesses the amount of time spent in jail would change
-relates because they have to weigh the potential benefits and costs that would could from doing a specific action or not

150
Q

what is altruism and what is it in terms of evolution

A

taking a cost to benefit another individual (aka cooperation)
-in terms of evolution, it is doing something that would be beneficial for your genes to survive in the long run

151
Q

what is the kin selection and inclusive fitness theories of altruism
and what is direct vs indirect reproduction

A

kin selection: there’s more altruism when the individuals are related
inclusive fitness theory: the combined fitness will benefit from direct and indirect reproduction
-direct means that you are benefitting your (or your family’s) direct gene reproduction
-indirect means that you are benefitting individuals with a portion of your genes (other more distant relatives like a niece/cousin)

152
Q

what is hamiltons rule

A

rb > c for the action to be beneficial
rb < c for the action to not be beneficial
r = coefficient of relatedness
b = benefits in fitness units
c = costs in fitness units

153
Q

what are the coefficients of relatedness for siblings/ parents
and for half siblings/ grandparents/ aunts/ uncles
and for cousins/ half aunt/ half uncle
and for identical twins

A

0.5
0.25
0.125
1.0

154
Q

what is reciprocal altruism

A

you will do something for someone now, with the intention that they will do something for you in the future
like an IOU of benefits/costs
-creates a net benefit from the interaction usually

155
Q

what are some things that are needed to have reciprocal altruism present

A

-recognition of individual identities
-memories of past actions
-cannot be solitary primates bc prob wont see again (needs regular interaction btwn individuals)

human bio, behavior, & evolution (4 decks)

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