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modern humans Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what other homo species led straight into the homo sapiens species

A

homo heidelbergensis

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2
Q

where did the “technological colonizers” originate from

A

africa

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3
Q

were african hominins more similar to neanderthals or modern humans

A

modern humans

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4
Q

in 300 kya, when the expansion from africa was occurring, where did the neanderthals primarily end up

A

europe and west asia

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5
Q

in 300 kya, when the expansion from africa was occurring, where did the denisovans primarily end up

A

asia

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6
Q

in 300 kya, when the expansion from africa was occurring, where did the other archaic homos primarily end up

A

east asia and oceania

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7
Q

in 300 kya, when the expansion from africa was occurring, what else was expanding and evolving

A

the modes of tools originating expansion from africa outward

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8
Q

what are some derived characteristics of modern homo sapiens

A
  • high forehead
  • 1350 cc (smaller than neanderthal but bigger than other early homos)
  • small face and teeth
  • no prognathism but protruding chin
  • less robust
  • long limbs
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9
Q

what is the first possible homo sapien found and date found

A

skeleton from jebel ihroud, morocco with mode 3 tools found
- 300 kya
- very debated

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10
Q

what is the first conclusive homo sapien found and date found

A

skeleton from omo kibish, ethiopia
- 200 kya
- definitive homo sapien

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11
Q

what specific types of genes come from a male

A

Y chromosome genes

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12
Q

what specific types of genes come from a female

A

mitochondrial DNA

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13
Q

do homo sapiens have low or high genetic diversity

A

LOW GENETIC DIVERSITY
- all genes could be traced back to adam and eve theoretically

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14
Q

what are two reasons why homo sapiens have low genetic diversity

A
  • evolved relatively recently (200kya)
  • descended from a bottleneck population
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15
Q

do chimpanzees have a higher or lower genetic diversity than homo sapiens do

A

chimps have a higher genetic diversity

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16
Q

what continent is there more genetic diversity of homo sapiens than anywhere else on earth

A

africa
- helps explain the expansion of homo sapiens from africa theory

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17
Q

what is the trend between distance to africa and genetic diversity rates

A

the farther a population is from africa, the lower amounts of genetic diversity it has

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18
Q

what is the serial founder effect

A

this is a type of genetic drift where there is a small subset of the population that leaves its own population but they travel really far away which limits the genetic diversity in the new population

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19
Q

what time is it expected that the migrations out of africa happened

A

60kya

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20
Q

when is the LCA of denisovans, neanderthals, and homo sapiens dated to

A

700 - 500 kya

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21
Q

T/F samples of ancient DNA can be taken from fossils even as old as 1.6mya (mammoths time period)

A

TRUE
DNA degrades quickly but fragments can still be found as ancient DNA

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22
Q

T/F modern homo sapiens have some neanderthals ancestry still

A

TRUE mostly in southwest asia!

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23
Q

would african modern homo sapiens have some neanderthal ancestry

A

NO because the neanderthals were not located in africa, so just the populations that left africa would have interbred with them. so many african groups today are not neanderthal connected.

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24
Q

what are the two helpful genes from denisovan and neanderthal interbreeding that natural selection didnt remove

A

the two genes that were beneficial were:
- skin pigmentation
- high altitude hemoglobin

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25
Q

which populations of homo sapiens that left africa interbred with denisovans

A

the ones going to the pacific (southeast asia, australia, islands)

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26
Q

what part of the world had lots of interbreeding between denisovans, homo sapiens, and neanderthals

A

eurasia

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27
Q

how many years ago was the single wave of migration into the americas from asia

A

23-13 kya

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28
Q

what is evidence of the date at which the homo sapiens made it into the americas

A

21 kya dated fossil of footprints found in new mexico
- def homo sapiens bc footprints are clearly bipedal

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29
Q

how many years ago was the migration into the caribbean and polynesian islands

A

5-1 kya

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30
Q

what date is marked as when humans reached all over the globe

A

10 kya

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31
Q

what date did agriculture start

A

12 kya

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32
Q

what is the cultivation of plants and rearing of animals for food, textiles, and other products using new technological innovations

A

agriculture

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33
Q

what is the evolutionary process in which humans modify, either intentionally or unintentionally, the genetic makeup of plants and animals.

A

domestication

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34
Q

what was the first animal to be domesticated

A

dogs
- their domesticated evolution shows that they were also brought to the americas when homo sapiens first migrated

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35
Q

pick which of these are benefits of agriculture:
- source of food and medicine
- increased family dynamics
- better workers
- population growth
- sedentary lifestyle
- less waste

A
  • source of food and medicine
  • population growth
  • sedentary lifestyle
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36
Q

pick which of these are disadvantages of agriculture:
- more waste
- nutritional deficiencies
- more wars over food
- pollution of land and water
- crowd diseases
- sedentary lifestyle
- cavities

A
  • more waste
  • nutritional deficiencies
  • pollution of land and water
  • crowd diseases
  • cavities
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37
Q

what led to these effects:
- differential wealth
- specialization of labor
- concentration of political power
- increased social stratification and inequality

A

food surplus and the ability to store food

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38
Q

what led to a decreased diet diversity

A

agriculture because they focused more on eating the domesticated food instead of a diverse set of foods

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39
Q

T/F domesticated animals had no impact on our specializations

A

FALSE dogs expanded our niches by allowing us to hunt, herd, protect, transport, and have a companion

livestock provided food, farming, mobility, transport, goods

all of these are now easy

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40
Q

where are most differences between chimps/bonobos and homo sapiens found in the genome

A

in transposable elements (matching genes that have differences) of regulatory genes

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41
Q

what is neoteny and what species has a lot of it

A

retention of juvenile features (delayed maturation) in humans vs other primates

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42
Q

what are the two factors that influence human variation

A

genetics and environment

43
Q

how is within a group variation caused

A

by the heterozygous vs homozygous alleles

44
Q

how is between groups variation caused

A

genetic drift creates local environment adaptations

45
Q

the example of sea nomads having larger spleens describes what principle and how

A

the sea nomads have larger spleens which hold more oxygenated red blood cells that get released into the blood stream meaning they can stay underwater and hold their breaths for longer than anyone else.
this is a local adaptation of the sea nomad population

46
Q

explain how skin pigmentation is a local adaptation

A

because the closer you are to the equator, the more UV radiation you get from the sun
the local adaptation is that your body will produce more melanin to protect you from the higher levels of UV radiation, which in turn produces a darker skin pigmentation

47
Q

why did lighter skin evolve

A

because they moved further from the equator, which means less UV light is reaching them, so they aren’t taking in enough UV light to produce the necessary amount of Vitamin D, so their bodies adapted to lower the amount of melanin so that the correct amount of UV could get in to produce that vitamin d

48
Q

why would females be slightly lighter skinned than males

A

because they need to make as much vitamin d as possible when they are reproducing so their body is programmed to have less melanin

49
Q

how is hair type a local adaptation

A

tight curly hair is the most effective protection from UV radiation so it was adapted closer to the equator

50
Q

what is the name of the rule that states that there are bigger body masses in colder climates

A

Bergmann’s rule

51
Q

what is the name of the rule that states that there are shorter limbs in colder climates

A

Allen’s rule

52
Q

what is a local adaptation for populations that live in higher altitudes

A

larger lung capacity to take in more air so that they can get more oxygen in and avoid hypoxia

53
Q

why are human babies born so fat

A

to prioritize brain growth by fueling the body which in turn makes the body bigger too

54
Q

draw out the charts of what the chimpanzees vs humans calorie production curves look like

A

chimps males (only provide for themselves bc solitary)
_ _ _________________ _ _ _ _ _ _
___ /

chimps females (excess to provide for children and themself)
_______________
_ _ / _ _ _ _ _ _ _
___/

  • chimps self sustainable at age 7

human male and female (need providing for then both provide for kids)
________
/ \
_ _ _ / _ _ _ _ \ _ _ _ _ _
\______/

  • humans self sustainable at age 20
55
Q

what is the hypothesis called that says an offspring would likely die if their mother dies before age 6, so the mother would ideally live long enough for them to reach reproductive maturity

A

the mothering hypothesis as for why mothers live past their menopause to keep their fitness going (the success of their genes being passed on)

56
Q

what is the hypothesis called that says that at some point, it would be more beneficial for a mother to invest in the children of her daughter than her own

A

the grandmother hypothesis as for why mothers live past menopause to keep their fitness going (the success of their genes being passed on)

57
Q

in what way are grandmothers important in hunter gatherer societies

A

in food acquisition of foraging and gathering

58
Q

what animal has the grandmother hypothesis been seen to work for

A

killer whales when the grandchildren live longer if the grandmother is still alive

59
Q

what are the traits of domestication syndrome in animals

A
  • depigmentation (white patches)
  • floppy ears
  • shorter muzzles
  • smaller teeth
  • docility (less aggression)
  • smaller brain
  • more non-reproductive sex
  • neotenous (juvenile) behavior as adults
  • curly tails
60
Q

what is Paedomorphism

A

juvenile traits and behaviors in domesticated animals

61
Q

what was the russian fox experiment

A

the experiment was trying to domesticate foxes but thats not possible theyre just tame.
it bred foxes that showed the least aggression (the foxes that would let the studier get the closest to them) and this created very nonaggressive foxes just not domesticated

62
Q

what is self domestication

A

reduced aggressive behaviors compared to ancestors without the involvement of another species

63
Q

what species shows lots of evidence of self domestication and why

A

bonobos because they are less aggressive and have smaller brain sizes, and theres evidence that the females would retaliate against aggressive males which would select for the less aggressive behaviors to be passed on

64
Q

what is evidence that humans were self domesticated

A

smaller cc, less prognathism, more cooperative behaviors, more non-reproductive sex, neotenous behavior (sports and play as adults)

65
Q

what is the capital punishment hypothesis

A

explains how humans were domesticated by the capital punishment executing individuals with the most aggression, bullies, and non cooperative people

66
Q

what is the name for people who gain their livelihood
fully or predominately by some combination of gathering, collecting, hunting, fishing, trapping, or scavenging the resources available in the plant and animal communities around them

A

hunter gatherers aka foragers

67
Q

why is “man the hunter” a refuted claim

A

because although some of the diet consisted of meat, it primarily consisted of foraged/gathered foods most of the time

68
Q

what is the difference between focal following and scan sampling in obtaining data from HG populations

A

focal following is following a single individual all day
scan sampling is in a specific area noting what happens there with many people that could be there

69
Q

what is correlation between amount of meat eaten and the size of the territory and the altitude of the population

A

more meat in the diet means they need a larger territory to find the animals to hunt and its typically in higher altitudes bc the land has less edible plants

70
Q

which type of HG have a lack of accumulation (private property is present but usually shared and gifted to each other)

A

unstratified HG

71
Q

which type of HG has no formal leaders

A

unstratified HG

72
Q

which type of HG has central place foraging

A

unstratified HG

73
Q

which type of HG has gendered division of labor

A

unstratified HG

74
Q

which type of HG has high mobility

A

unstratified HG

75
Q

which type of HG has routine food sharing

A

unstratified HG

76
Q

which type of HG has formal leaders like chiefs

A

stratified HG

77
Q

which type of HG has religious specialists like priests

A

stratified HG

78
Q

which type of HG had slaves

A

stratified HG

79
Q

which type of HG has polygynous marriages

A

stratified HG

80
Q

which type of HG had goods specialists

A

stratified HG

81
Q

which type of HG might have mobile schools

A

unstratified HG

82
Q

which type of HG has band level organizations within society

A

unstratified HG

83
Q

what is band level organization in HG

A

a band would have a few families that are a local residential group and they may have friendship with other bands but there’s no higher level of organization like a tribe or anything like that

84
Q

in unstratified HG populations, do the men or women have larger day ranges

A

men
-one explanation is the sexual division of labor bc they’re typically the ones who are hunting not the women

85
Q

in unstratified HG populations, how would the people level status when hunting

A

they would credit the kill to whoever made the arrow so that there was no bragging or shame

86
Q

which type of HG does not typically have a phrase for thank you

A

unstratified

87
Q

what type of population has people who are hierarchically divided and ranked into social strata, or layers, and do not share equally in basic resources that support income, status, and power

A

stratified HG

88
Q

which type of HG built canals

A

stratified HG

89
Q

which type of HG had more elaborate art and language

A

stratified HG

90
Q

what is a potlach and which type of HG had it

A

a ceremonial feast and giving event (as a display of wealth, some would sacrifice their slaves and other goods)

91
Q

which type of HG requires rich, predictable resources that can be monopolized

A

stratified HG

92
Q

what was the mexican poccilid fishes experiment

A

there were these fishes in a lake. some were asexually reproducing and others were sexually reproducing. there was a higher rate of disease in the population that was asexual (bc it just cloned genes and didn’t have any variance that might protect).

when the researcher left and came back after the drought, both populations were still there. but the sexual reproducers now had a higher disease rate which doesn’t make sense
he concluded that the sexual reproducers got so bottlenecked that they could no longer have defenses so thats why the parasites were high levels again

then he added some sexual reproducing of the same fish from another pond and came back a year later. this made the levels of parasite disease back to normal as it was before because it introduced more genetic diversity that could be used to defend against the parasites.

93
Q

what is the red queen hypothesis

A

genetic diversity (sexual reproduction with variety) helps organisms evade fast-breeding
(and, therefore, fast evolving) parasites

94
Q

what are the consequences of low genetic diversity like with inbreeding with dogs

A

greater morbidity and health issues

95
Q

why was emotion thought to have evolved

A

to work as an internal motivator to get us to want our fitness to continue through our offspring

96
Q

how does sexual attraction vs romantic love affect our motivation to have our fitness continue (offspring)

A

sexual attraction helps motivate us to try to produce genetically viable and diverse offspring
romantic love creates a pair bond so we will want to invest in the offspring

97
Q

sexual attraction works on what 3 principles

A

not a relative
age
health

98
Q

what is MPA

A

maternal perinatal association which means that if you witness your mother caring for a newborn, that you won’t have an attraction to them bc your brain will understand that you’re related

99
Q

what is the westermarck hypothesis of co-residence

A

that the longer you co reside with someone, the more your brain will think you are a relative

100
Q

what is the sexual imprinting time frame

A

for the first 6 years of your life, your brain will learn who you co-reside with and who it thinks are your relatives

101
Q

what is the difference between the age preference of a mate for males vs females

A

males always prefer 20-25 year old women, whereas women always prefer men that are within 10 years of their age

102
Q

what are some features of the face which cue attractiveness and therefore good health

A

symmetry
consistent color
high carotenoid content (orange complex rather than dull)
age

103
Q

do similar or dissimilar MHC rates make for a better mate to produce offspring with less mutations

A

a dissimilar MHC is better for a better offspring

104
Q

what was the tshirt test proving in terms of MHC

A

that the subjects tended to like the smell of the shirts of the people who had a more dissimilar MHC than them which would make them better mates

human bio, behavior, & evolution (5 decks)

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