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head and neck > Otology > Flashcards

Otology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the results of rinne’s test in normal hearing?

A

air conduction>bone conduction (test ‘positive’)

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2
Q

what is the results of rinne’s test in conductive hearing loss?

A

bone conduction>air conduction (test ‘negative’)

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3
Q

what is the results of rinne’s test in sensorineural hearing loss?

A

air conduction>bone conduction (test ‘positive’)

but sound stops much earlier than normal hearing

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4
Q

what is conductive hearing loss?

A

something inhibiting the passage of sound waves from the ear canal, through the middle ear apparatus and into the cochlea

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5
Q

what is Sensorineural hearing loss?

A

root cause lies in the inner ear or sensory organ (cochlea and associated structures) or the vestibulocochlear nerve

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6
Q

describe the Weber’s test?

A

vibrating tuning fork is placed in the middle of the forehead, and compare both ears

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7
Q

what is the results of Weber’s test in normal hearing?

A

sound heard equally in both sides

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8
Q

what is the results of Weber’s test in sensorineural hearing loss?

A

hearing loss right ear. left>right (test ‘lateralises to left’)
ie normal ear hears the tuning fork louder

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9
Q

what is the results of Weber’s test in conductive hearing loss?

A

hearing loss right ear. right>left (test ‘lateralises to right’)
ie defective ear hears the tuning fork louder

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10
Q

what is an audiogram?

A

a graph that shows the audible threshold for standardized frequencies as measured by an audiometer

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11
Q

what should a normal audiogram show?

A

Ideally the audiogram would show a straight line above the standardised curve that represents ‘normal’ hearing, but in practice everyone is slightly different, and small variations are considered normal

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12
Q

what is a tympanometry?

A

examination used to test the condition of the middle ear and mobility of the tympanic membrane by creating variations of air pressure in the ear canal.

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13
Q

what does type A mean in tympanometry?

A

normal, Tympanogram shows maximum peak compliance (shaped like a teepee)

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14
Q

what does type B mean in tympanometry?

A

tympanograms are a flat line, fluid or infection behind the ear drum, tympanic membrane immobile

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15
Q

what does type C mean in tympanometry?

A

shaped like a teepee, but shifted negatively on the graph

indicates negative pressure in the middle ear space, often consistent with sinus or allergy congestion

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16
Q

what is Auricular haematoma?

A

external portion of the ear is hit and develops a blood clot or other collection of fluid under the perichondrium

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17
Q

what is Otitis externa?

A

common ear infection that causes inflammation (redness and swelling) of the external ear canal

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18
Q

what is Malignant otitis externa?

A

when otitis externa spreads to the outer ear and surrounding tissue, including the bones of the jaw and face

19
Q

what is Otitis media with effusion?

A

thick or sticky fluid behind the eardrum

20
Q

how does a grommet treat glue ear?

A

helps drain away fluid in the middle ear and maintain air pressure.

21
Q

what is Acute otitis media?

A

when middle ear becomes inflamed and infected.

22
Q

what is Chronic suppurative otitis media?

A

perforated tympanic membrane with persistent drainage from the middle ear
can occur with or without cholesteatoma

23
Q

what is cholesteatoma

A

destructive and expanding growth consisting of keratinizing squamous epithelium in the middle ear- not a tumour

24
Q

what is Tympanosclerosis?

A

Calcified deposits in membrane- rarely has symptoms but can cause hearing loss

25
Q

what is Otosclerosis?

A

hereditary disorder causing progressive deafness due to overgrowth of bone in the inner ear.

26
Q

what is Presbyacusis?

A

Hearing loss with old age

27
Q

what are ototoxic medications?

A

Medicines that damage the ear and cause hearing loss ie asprin

28
Q

what are common infections that cause hearing loss?

A 
measles
mumps
rubella
influenza
acute suppurative otitis media
meningitis
29
Q

what is acoustic neuroma?

A

benign brain tumour that grows on nerve used for hearing and balance

30
Q

what is tinnitus?

A

“ringing in the ears”
any perception of sound
no directly treatable pathology in vast majority

31
Q

what is Benign Positional Vertigo?

A

otoconia(calcium carbonate crystals) in semicircular canals

32
Q

what is the treatment of Benign Positional Vertigo?

A

Epley manoeuvre

33
Q

what are the symptoms of Benign Positional Vertigo?

A

vertigo precipitated by specific changes in head position

duration: seconds
frequency: several times per day

34
Q

what is Vestibular neuritis / labyrinthitis?

A

reactivation of latent HSV infection of vestibular ganglion

35
Q

what are the symptoms of Vestibular neuritis / labyrinthitis?

A

spontaneous vertigo

duration: days
frequency: few episodes

36
Q

what is the treatment of Vestibular neuritis / labyrinthitis?

A

acute-vestibular sedatives

chronic-vestibular rehabilitation

37
Q

what is Ménière’s disease?

A

endolymphatic hydrops

38
Q

what are the symptoms of Ménière’s disease?

A

spontaneous vertigo
duration: hours
frequency: every few days / weeks / months
+ fluctuating, progressive unilateral hearing loss

39
Q

what is the treatment of Ménière’s disease?

A

betahistine
bendrofluazide
intratympanic dexamethasone
intratympanic gentamicin

40
Q

what are the symptoms of a migraine?

A 
spontaneous vertigo
duration: variable
frequency: variable
± headache, sensory sensitivity, auras
± past history of migraine
41
Q

what is the treatment of a migraine?

A

avoid migraine triggers

prophylactic medication

42
Q

what is facial palsy?

A

refers to weakness of the facial muscles, mainly resulting from temporary or permanent damage to the facial nerve.

43
Q

what causes facial palsy?

A

cholesteatoma

parotid gland tumour

head and neck (14 decks)

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