Others

Question 1

2 Types of Nervous Tissue

Answer 1

• Neurons
• Neuroglia

Question 2

Function of Nervous Tissue

Answer 2

transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors

Question 3

Isotonic solution

Answer 3

• solute concentration is same in cell and solution
• No osmosis, cell volumes remains constant

Question 4

Hypotonic solution

Answer 4

• solute concentration greater in cell than solution
• Cell gains water through osmosis
• If cell placed in hypotonic solution = cell shrivels (water out)

Question 5

Hypertonic solution

Answer 5

• solute concentration is lower in cell than solution
• Cell loses water through osmosis
• If cell placed in hypertonic solution = cell lysed (water in)

Question 6

Rough ER

Answer 6

Makes proteins and digestive enzymes

Question 7

Smooth ER

Answer 7

• Functions in lipid metabolism; making/breaking down fats
• Stores calcium ions

Question 8

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 8

• Sorts products of rough ER and sends them to proper destinations
• Products of rough ER moves through golgi from cis to trans side
• Packaging and shipping division of manufacturing plant

Question 9

Lysosomes

Answer 9

• Digests unwanted substances
• Demolition crew

Question 10

Peroxisome

Answer 10

• Enzymes neutralizes free radicals and break down poisons
• Break down long chains of fatty acids
• Toxic waste removal system

Question 11

3 types of Cytoskeleton rods

Answer 11

• Microfilaments: filaments of contractile protein actin
• Intermediate filaments: protein fibers
• Microtubules: cylindrical structures made of proteins

Question 12

G1 phase: 1st part of interphase

Answer 12

• Cell metabolically active, making proteins and growing rapidly
• Centrioles begin to replicate near end of G1 phase

Question 13

G2 phase:

Answer 13

• Centrioles finish copying themselves
• Enzymes needed for cell division synthesized

Question 14

Hematocrit

Answer 14

% of blood volume composed of erythrocytes

Question 15

Buffy coat

Answer 15

• portion of blood composed of leukocytes and platelets
• Located between plasma and erythrocytes/hematocrit

Question 16

Plasma

Answer 16

• 90% water
• Has more than 100 kinds of molecules

Question 17

Proteins produced by liver

Answer 17

• Albumin: prevents water from diffusing out of blood vessels
• Globulins: includes antibodies and blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, copper
• Fibrinogen: involved in chemical rxns for blood clotting

Question 18

anhydrase

Answer 18

• erythrocytes have this
• enzyme catalyzing conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid (transports 70% of carbon dioxide in plasma)

Question 19

Erythropoiesis

Answer 19

production of erythrocytes beginning in red bone marrow

Question 20

Erythropoietin

Answer 20

hormone released by kidneys in response to hypoxia that stimulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells to become erythrocytes

Question 21

Reticulocytes

Answer 21

immature red blood cells that enter circulation and mature in 1 to 2 days to properly transport O2

Question 22

Hematopoiesis

Answer 22

process of producing blood cells where the pluripotent stem cells differentiate into each of the different types of blood cells below

Question 23

blood sinusoids

Answer 23

• runs throughout reticular tissue in spongy bone
• place where mature blood cells enter bloodstream

Question 24

Hemostasis

Answer 24

sequence of events to stop bleeding

Question 25

prostacyclin PGI2 and nitric oxide NO

Answer 25

vasodilators and inhibits platelet aggregation b/c there’s no need for them if there’s no injuries

Question 26

Bulk flow

Answer 26

passive process where large numbers of molecules in fluid move together in same direction and occurs from area of higher pressure → area of lower pressure and continues as long as pressure difference exist

Question 27

Filtration driven by...

Answer 27

- Blood hydrostatic pressure BHP: pressure of blood against inside of the capillary walls, drives it the most (Higher bp = more pressure blood will put on capillary wall = more fluid out of capillary wall) - Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure IFOP: low in healthy individual so it doesn’t really drive filtration in healthy people but it drives filtration for people with disease b/c if you’re healthy and have too much filtration = too much stuff out of capillaries = swelling/edema

Question 28

Reabsorption driven by...

Answer 28

- Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure IFHP: little to none in healthy individuals, so it doesn’t really promote reabsorption unless you have disease - Blood colloid osmotic pressure BCOP: drives fluid back into blood vessels because of protein concentration differences

Question 29

Fluid movement into/out of capillaries depends on...

Answer 29

- Net filtration pressure = hydrostatic pressure in capillaries – hydrostatic pressure in ECF - Oncotic pressure = colloid osmotic pressure in capillaries – colloid osmotic pressure in tissue fluid