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Final Multisystems Microbiology > Other Zoonotic Bact. I/II > Flashcards

Other Zoonotic Bact. I/II Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Shape of Leptospira?

A

small, thin, spiral shaped (question mark shaped)

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2
Q

Where do we find Leptospira and where does it go in the body?

A

endemic in tropical regions (Hawaii); associated with water sports/ swimming
travels through blood and infects various organs esp. kidney (high CK/ azotemia) and liver

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3
Q

Discuss the lab findings of Leptospira

A

Lab: Can be grown aerobically in appropriate media

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4
Q

Symptoms of Leptospira

A

Sx: Acute febrile illness with conjunctival suffusion (reddening with no pus) that may progress to jaundice and renal failure (Weil’s disease), pulmonary hemorrhage or meningitis.

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5
Q

Who are at risk for Leptospira

A

At risk: animal urine–> contaminated water→ Soldiers wading in water/streams during field exercises

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6
Q

Source of Lyme Disease? Discuss the life cycle of this thing,

A

Source: hard ticks (ixodes scapularis family) type: Deer ticks

Life cycle: White footed mouse= reservoir for larvae; white tailed deer = obligatory host for adult form (deer immune)

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7
Q

Who is at risk for Lyme Disease?

A

Risk: NE and midwest USA– Most common arthropod-borne infection in the U.S.

Nymph stage of the tick in the months of May - July is the most contagious.

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8
Q

How do we diagnose Lyme Disease

A

Dx: blood culture and PCR (Synovial fluid if they have arthritis), ELISA/western blot, Wright stain, Giemsa stain

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9
Q

Discuss the symptoms of Lyme Disease

A

Stage 1: 2-7 days: (localized infection) bull’s eye rash (w/in a month of bite), flu sx (fever+chills)
(Local spread) erythema migrans

Stage 2: weeks to months later:(disseminated infection) bilateral bell’s palsy, heart block caused by myocarditis, erythema migrans in other locations

Stage 3: months to years: (persistent infection) lyme encephalopathy (memory problems, meningitis or other CNS sx), migratory polyarthritis starting w/ large joints (like knee), acrodermatitis
FACE: facial nerve palsy, arthritis, cardiac block, erythema migrans

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10
Q

Lyme’s Disease is similar to STARI. What is STARI all about?

A

**similar to: STARI - Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness - lyme-disease like rash seen in people residing in southeastern and south-central US; cause =the lone-star tick (Amblyomma americanum), but bacterial agent is unknown

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11
Q

Treatment of Lyme Disease

A

Tx: Doxycycline (stage 1), Ceftriaxone (stage 3)

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12
Q

Discuss the symptoms of Relapsing fevers

A

Sx: Relapsing fever - recurrent episodes of fever x3-5 days (+HA, myalgia, vomiting) separated by asymptomatic intervals.

incubation period ~6 days

initially: sudden chills, high fever, tachycardia, delirium, red macular rash on trunk and extremities (erythema multiforme)
relapse: fever, arthralgia, jaundice

can lead to: hepatosplenomegaly, myocarditis, heart failure

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13
Q

Louse born vs. Tick born relapsing fever

A

Louse(lice)-borne (Borrelia recurrentis)= transmitted from person to person with no animal reservoir (louse/lice is crushed on host and leaks Borrelia) = epidemic form

Tick-borne (Borrelia hermsii)= transmitted from animals to humans by soft ticks (Ornithodoros hermsi)= endemic form.

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14
Q

Who is at risk for Louse born vs. Tick born?

A

Louse: Risk:mountains in Africa/S. Ameria. war areas and refugee camps

Tick: Risk: western US in summer. Sleeping in rodent-infested cabins in the mountains

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15
Q

Treatment of Relapsing fever

A

Tx: doxy/ tetracycline or erythromycin

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16
Q

Discuss the lab and structure for Rickettsia

A

G(-) coccobacillus bacteria (ovoid shaped)

gram stains poorly (but can use Giemsa stain)

obligate intracellular (get NAD+ and CoA from eukaryotic cells for bacterial replication),

nonmotile (spread from cell to cell w/ actin polymerization), nonspore-forming

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17
Q

Discuss the symptoms of Ricketssia rickettsii

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

sx: spotted fever, n/v, red eyes, rash (small, flat pink macules on extremities)

later sx: rash becomes darker small spots and moves centrally

can lead to: renal failure, myalgia, skin necrosis, pneumonia, brain infarct, death

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18
Q

Pathogenesis of Ricketssia Rickettsii

A

patho: invades endothelial cells and induces cells to phagocytose more bacteria

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19
Q

Labs for RMSF (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)

A

labs: IgG or IgM antibodies on IF, PCR detects rickettiae DNA

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20
Q

Treatment for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A

tx: doxycycline (side effect in children: teeth staining)

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21
Q

Talk about Rickettsialpox

A

Source: rodents → mites → humans
Sx:Rickettsialpox Rash like chicken pox (papulovesicular). Eschar at bite site
Seen in US

22
Q

Discuss Rickettsia prowazeki

A

Source: body louse vector to squirrel reservoir
Sx: epidemic typhus
Not seen in US (seen in Somalia)

23
Q

Discuss Rickettsia Typhi

A

Source: flea-borne vectors, rodent reservoir
Sx: endemic or murine typhus
Seen in the US and worldwide

24
Q

Talk about Orienta Rickettsia

A

Source: mites, chiggers
Sx: scrub typhus
Not in US, in Vietnam

25
Q

Talk about Anaplasmataceae:

A

G(-) small bacteria , intracellular (in cytoplasmic vacuoles of hematopoietic cells)
histo: morulae- basophilic and intracytoplasmic inclusions

26
Q

What type of bacteria are Anaplasma phagocytophilum and where do they hide

A

G(-) small bacteria , intracellular (in granulocytes/neutrophils)

27
Q

Discuss the source and transmission for Anaplasma phagocytophilum

A

Source: hard ticks (ixodes scapularis family) type: Deer ticks

cattle/sheep → ticks → humans

28
Q

Discuss the symptoms for Anaplasma phagocytophilum

A

sx: similar to RMSF, but more abrupt fever, chills, HA, malaise,hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

29
Q

Discuss the risk for Anaplasma Phagocytophilum and what it is associated with

A

risk: NE and mid-atlantic US

a/w: coinfection with lyme disease and babesiosis

30
Q

Discuss the structure of Coxiella and the transmission of it

A

G(-) obligate intracellular (in phagolysosomes)

source: cattle/sheep → ticks → humans

spores spread through animal droppings: Spread to humans via aerosol transmission; often in farmers, veterinarians

31
Q

Discuss the symptoms of Coxiella

A

sx: malaise, flu-sx, abrupt fever, profuse sweating, AMS, n/v/d, headache

can lead to: atypical pneumonia, ARDS, hepatitis, endocarditis

32
Q

Discuss the symptoms of Coxiella

A

tx: cephalosporin (1st gen); often self limiting

33
Q

Discuss the source and structure of Yersinia Pestis

A

Gm (-) rod, safety pin appearance

Source: flea vector, occurs naturally in southwestern US grasslands

Cycles through rodents (mainly prairie dogs) → domestic animals and humans (cats can transmit by resp. droplets)

34
Q

Discuss the pathology of Yersinia Pestis and when we see outbreaks occur

A

Outbreak common in cool summers following wet winters.

Path: flea bites and regurgitates bacteria→ vesicular lesion→ phagocytosis by PMNs→ killed in PMNs or released→ can now resist further phagocytosis→ travel to lymphatics and localized to a lymph node (bubo) → stops here or disseminates

35
Q

Discuss the symptoms of Yersinia Pestis

A

Sx: “black death” (acral gangrene), lymph node bubo, skin ulcers and eschar at bite site, pneumonia, septic shock, meningitis; systemic leading to organ abscess, DIC, necrosis

36
Q

Virulence factors for Yersinia Pestis

A

Exotoxins
Yops (yersinia-associated outer proteins) secreted by
Type 3 secretion system: inhibit cytokine produce and phagocytosis

37
Q

How do we diagnose and treat Yersinia Pestis

A

Dx: grows on McConkey agar, Wayson staining shows light blue bacilli with dark blue polar bodies
Tx: aminoglycosides (streptomycin) + tetracycline
Vaccine: killed vaccine

38
Q

Discuss the structure of Tularemia

A

Gm (-) coccibacilli, facultative intracellular (grows in macrophages) -> depends on cell mediated immunity

39
Q

Tularemia Source

A

Source: hard ticks (Ixodidae dermacentor), rabbits are main reservoir.

transmission: direct contact or aerosolized (terrorism threat)

40
Q

Discuss symptoms of Tularemia

A

Sx: spectrum. general malaise, fever, HA

ulcers+glands: painful lesion at site of infection→ regional lymphadenopathy (granulomas with caseating necrosis of reticuloendothelial organs like lymph nodes)

eyes: conjunctiva infected
lungs: pneumonia

GI: typhoid fever sx

41
Q

Discuss how we diagnose and treat Yersinia Pestis

A

Tx: aminoglycosides (streptomycin)

Dx: serum titers, culture (requires cysteine- chocolate agar or BCYE), faint gram stain, agglutination test

42
Q

Discuss the structure of Brucella

A

G(-) small coccobacilli, facultative intracellular, non-encapsulated, flagellated, ability to survive in macrophages

43
Q

Source of Brucella

A

source: no arthropod vector– contaminated foods (unpasteurized milk/cheese), direct infected animal contact (hogs, elk, moose), animal tissue high in erythritol

44
Q

Who is at risk for Brucella

A

at risk: vets, hunters, meat-processing

targets RES organs (may or may not cause enlargement of these organs); causes cell lysis and spreads systemically; osteomyelitis

45
Q

Symptoms of Brucella

A

sx: granulomas, bacteremia, undulating fever/chills/night sweats/weight loss. can lead to: hepatic lesions, arthritis, meningitis, endocarditis

46
Q

Discuss the pathology of Brucella

A

Path: enter via mucous membranes/skin,GIT,inhalation→ eaten by PMN/macrophage→ lymph nodes→ replicate in macrophages→ phagocytic cells travel to reticuloendothelial system organs (spleen/liver/lymph nodes)–> either stops or forms granulomas with recurrent bacteremia

47
Q

Discuss how we diagnose and treat Brucella

A

dx: serology
tx: doxycycline and rifampin

48
Q

Discuss the source of Bartonella Henselae

A

immunocompetent pts→ cat-scratch fever
immunocompromised pts → bacillary angiomatosis (endothelial proliferation of raised red vascular lesions)
source: cats, ticks, fleas

49
Q

Discuss the symptoms and diagnosis for Bartonella Henselae

A

sx: red, tender, swollen lymph node
diag: Warthin Starry stain (silver stain)

50
Q

Discuss treatment for Bartonella Henselae

A

Tx: catch scratch is usually self limiting but can use azithromycin; bacillary angiomatosis: macrolides, doxycycline

51
Q

What is Bartonella Quintana

A

trench fever

source: lice (body louse)
sx: 5 day fever, bacteremia

52
Q

What is Bartonella Baciliformis

A

carrion’s disease

source: sand fly

sx:

  1. oroya fever (hemolytic anemia)
  2. verruga peruana

Final Multisystems Microbiology (16 decks)

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