Other Vitamins

Question 1

Vitamin C function

Adequacy

DRI

Answer 1

Cofactor for collagen synthesis, carnitine and neurotransmitters

Maintenance of neutrophil concentrations w/ minimal urinary ascorbate excretion

RDA gender differences due to smaller lean body mass
UL = 2000 mg
-UL based on interference with medications

Question 2

Vitamin A functions

Adequacy

DRI

Answer 2

vision function, gene expression, reproduction, embryonic development, growth and immune function

intake to maintain adequate stores and
to cover stressful periods and low intake periods

RDA adjusted for gender size
UL = 3000 mcg (10,000 IU) especially pregnant women (teratogenic effects)

Question 3

Vitamin D function

Adequacy

DRI

Answer 3

Increases absorption efficient of Ca and P and maintains blood concentrations

Serum concentrations of 25(OH)vitamin D > 50 nmol/L maintain bone health whereas <30 nmol/L risk for rickets and osteomalacia

RDA for all adults
- based on conditions of minimal vitamin D synthesis

UL = 4000 IU (100 mcg)
- Hypercalcemia associated with excessive vitamin D intake

Question 4

Vitamin E Function and co-oxidants

Vitamin E adequacy

DRI

Answer 4

oxidation chain breaking antioxidant preventing propagation of lipid peroxidation

Co-oxidants for vitamin E: ascorbate, cafeic acid, ubiquinols, bilirubin

Correlation between blood [a-tocopherol] and peroxide erythrocyte lysis

RDA for all adults
- Definition limited to 2R Stereoisomeric forms (ex. RRR-a-tocopherol)

UL = 1000 mg
- based on depletion of vitamin C

Question 5

Vitamin K function

Adequacy

DRI

Answer 5

coenzyme in synthesis of blood clotting proteins (thrombin)
coenzyme in bone metabolism

AI dietary intake of healthy individuals

Size adjusted between sexes

No UL

Question 6

Choline function

Adequacy

DRI

Answer 6

precursor for acetylcholine, phospholipids, and betaine (methyl donor) precursor
can donate methyl group to homocysteine —> Met

prevention of liver damage based on serum alanine aminotransferase levels (released by liver when injured)
- VLDL phosphotidylcholine insufficiency and cannot export fat (causes fatty liver disease development)

AI: insufficient data available, AI based on male subjects (extrapolated lower for women)
- Requirement may be met endogenously at some life stages (depends on Met/folate status)
- UL= 3500 mg

Question 7

Vitamins and macros with AI

Answer 7

AI: EFAs, Fiber, Water, B5, B7 (Biotin), Choline, vit K

Question 8

Vitamins and macros with NO differences between the sexes

Answer 8

No Sexes in RDA: Protein, CHO, B5 - B12, Vit D, Vit E

Question 9

Vitamins with no UL

Answer 9

No UL: B1, B2, B5, B7 (biotin), B12, vit K