Other Systems Flashcards
1
Q
Wagner ulcer grade scale: gangrene of foot requiring disarticulation
A
Grade 5
2
Q
Medications used to prevent histamine-activated release of gastric acid. Side effects include headache, dizziness, mild GI distress, tolerance, arthralgia, acid rebound with discontinuation of agent
A
H2 receptor blocker agents
3
Q
Cancer pharmacological agent that enhances the body’s ability to respond to neoplastic growth
A
Biologic response modifier agent
4
Q
Loss of urine when the intra-bladder pressure exceeds the urethra’s capacity to remain closed due to urinary retention
A
Overflow urinary incontinence
5
Q
Graves’ disease is a common type of this
A
Hyperthyroidism
6
Q
Stage of cancer: malignancy spreading into adjacent tissues; lymph nodes may show signs of micrometastasis
A
Stage II
7
Q
Neuropathic ulcers typically heal by
A
Secondary intention
8
Q
1 is the first phase of healing lasting 2 that establishes a clean wound bed to signal tissue restoration and permanent repair processes to begin
A
1) Inflammatory phase
2) 1 - 10 days
9
Q
Types of selective debridement
A
- sharp
- enzymatic
- autolytic
10
Q
Type of healing that allows at risk wounds (sepsis, dehiscence) to be temporarily left open
A
Tertiary intention (“delayed primary intention healing”)
11
Q
Part of the GI tract that absorbs bile and intrinsic factors to be recycled
A
Ileum
12
Q
Condition occurring when there is decreased or absent hormonal secretion from anterior pituitary gland resulting in short stature, delayed growth and puberty, sexual and reproductive disorders, and diabetes insipidus
A
Hypopituitarism
13
Q
Bile is produced and is necessary for absorption of lipid soluble substances, assists with red blood cell and vitamin k production, regulates serum level of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
A
Liver
14
Q
During pregnancy, the uterus 1 into the abdominal cavity, the ribs 2, the diaphragm 3 four centimeters, depth of respiration as well as tidal volume and minute ventilation 4.
A
1) ascends
2) expand
3) elevates
4) increase
15
Q
Stage of cancer: early malignancy that is present only in the layer of cells in which it began. “Carcinoma in situ”
A
Stage 0
16
Q
The outer portion of the adrenal gland is called the 1 and the inner portion is called the 2
A
1) adrenal cortex
2) adrenal medulla
17
Q
1 Burn classification: involves complete destruction of the epidermis and majority of the dermis. Can be discolored, have broken blisters and edema. Moderate pain (damage to nerve endings). Can scar. Can heal in 2 without infection
A
1) Deep partial-thickness
2) 21-35 days
18
Q
Hormone responsible for estrogen development and promotion of spermatogenesis in males
A
Follicle stimulating hormone
19
Q
Pressure ulcer stage: Full thickness tissue loss in which base of the ulcer is covered by slough and/or escar and the tissue of the true wound bed is not visible
A
Unstageable
20
Q
1 Type of dressing: transparent dressing permeable to vapor and oxygen but impermeable to bacteria and water. Used on 2 wounds. Cannot be used on 3.
A
1) transparent film
2) superficial wounds or partial thickness wounds with minimal drainage
3) infected
21
Q
Components of the lower GI tract that absorb water and electrolytes and store and eliminate undigested food/feces
A
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anus
22
Q
Arterial insufficiency ulcers typically heal by
A
Secondary intention
23
Q
Wagner ulcer grade scale: gangrene of digit
A
Grade 4
24
Q
Cancer pharmacological agent that works by binding DNA strands together to prevent replication resulting in cell death by disrupting DNA function and releasing enzymes that destroy the cell
A
Alkylating agents
25
_1_ Type of dressing that consists of calcium salt and an acid from seaweed. Highly permeable and non-occlusive, requiring a _2_. Used on _3_ wounds that are draining such as _4_. Often used on _5_. Cannot be used on wounds with _6_.
1) Alginates
2) second dressing
3) partial and full thickness
4) pressure wounds or venous insufficiency ulcers
5) infected wounds
6) exposed tendon or bone
26
Pressure ulcer stage: intact skin with non-blanchable redness
Stage I
27
Most common form of hyperactive (T4 thyroxine) thyroid disorder resulting from an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland. Typical complaints include heat intolerance, increased appetite, increased sweating, frequent bowel movements, physical fatigue, weakness, tremor, weight loss, and insomnia
Graves' Disease
28
Hormone that increases masculinization, promotes growth of pubic hair in males and females
Androgen
29
Hormone responsible for increased protein synthesis, growth and development
Growth hormone
30
Tumor classification for glandular tissue
Adenocarcinoma
31
Condition occurring that causes the following symptoms: renal stones, kidney damage, depression, memory loss, muscle wasting, bone deformity, myopathy
Hyperparathyroidism
32
Hormone that influences the metabolism of food molecules; anti-inflammatory effect in large amounts
Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
33
Hormone responsible for increasing water reabsorption; conservation of water; increases blood pressure through stimulating contraction of muscles in the arteries
Antidiuretic hormone
34
Connective tissue disorder caused by an autoimmune reaction in the body. Clinical presentation includes a red butterfly rash across the cheeks and nose, a red rash over light exposed areas, arthralgias, alopecia, pleurisy, kidney involvement, seizures, and depression
Systemic lupus erythematosus
35
Increase in sympathetic activity causes a release of norepinephrine in the periphery and subsequent vasoconstriction of blood vessels resulting in pain and an increase in sensitivity to peripheral stimulation. Patients experience intense burning and chronic pain in the affected extremity that eventually spreads in a proximal direction
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
36
Type of debridement used when a wound is infected, non-infected, wounds with necrotic tissue. Should be removed after removal of devitalized tissue to protect healthy tissue
Enzymatic
37
_1_ Type of dressing: consist of gel-forming polymers to absorb exudate by swelling into a gel-like mass. Used on _2_ wounds, and cannot be used on _3_ wounds. Does not need secondary dressing but may traumatize intact skin on removal
1) Hydrocolloids
2) partial and full thickness
3) infected
38
Hormone responsible for process of lactation
Prolactin
39
Hormone responsible for increasing contraction of the uterine muscles, promotion of milk release from mammary glands
Oxytocin
40
Hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose by stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose
Glucagon
41
Diastasis recti is indicated by a separation of greater than the width of _1_ at the _2_
1) 2 fingers
| 2) linea alba
42
Type of debridement: most commonly using a whirlpool but comes with dependent positioning, can cause systemic effects like a drop in blood pressure, and can cause maceration to surrounding skin. Softens and loosens necrotic tissue
Hydrotherapy
43
Absolute contraindications to exercise during pregnancy
- hemodynamically significant heart disease
- restrictive lung disease
- incompetent cervix/cerclage
- multiple gestation at risk for premature labor
- persistent second or third trimester bleeding
- placenta Previa after 26 weeks of gestation
- preeclampsia/pregnancy-induced hypertension
44
The _1_ is responsible for the regulation of the autonomic nervous system and other endocrine glands through its impact on the _2_.
1) hypothalamus
| 2) pituitary gland
45
Loss of urine after a sudden, intense urge to void due to the detrusor muscle of the bladder involuntarily contracting during bladder filling
Urge urinary incontinence
46
_1_Type of wound that tends to be on the lower 1/3 of the leg, toes, web spaces, dorsal foot, or lateral malleolus with smooth edges, that are well defined, lack of granulation tissue, with minimal drainage and severe pain. Pedal pulses are diminished or absent. Normal edema, decreased skin temperature, thin and shiny skin with hair loss, yellow nails. Elevation of the legs _2_ pain.
1) Arterial insufficiency ulcer
| 2) increases
47
Type of debridement used when there is any amount of necrotic tissue, is non-invasive, and is pain free. Often used with transparent film, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, alginates. Not to be performed on infected wounds
Alginate
48
Relative contraindications to exercise during pregnancy
- severe anemia
- chronic bronchitis
- poorly controlled type I diabetes
- extreme morbid obesity
- poorly controlled hypertension
- poorly controlled hyperthyroidism
- heavy smoker
49
Women should be aware of _1_ oxygen available for exercise during pregnancy. _2_ will minimize injury risk
1) Decreased
| 2) nonweightbearing exercise
50
Hormone that increases HR and force of contraction, increases energy production, and causes vasodilation in skeletal muscles
Epinephrine
51
The _1_ includes both endocrine and exocrine tissues. The _2_ are the hormone producing cell of the organ, with alpha cells producing _3_ and beta cells producing _4_
1) pancreas
2) islets of Langerhans
3) glucagon
4) insulin
52
Pathology presenting with hypofunction of the adrenal cortex resulting in decreased cortisol and aldosterone production. Symptoms include hypotension, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, altered pigmentation, shock, and death if not treated
Addison's disease
53
Stores and releases bile into the duodenum to assist with digestion
Gallbladder
54
_1_ Burn classification: complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis as well as parts of the subdermal layer, usually with escar formation and minimal pain. Usually require grafts and are susceptible to infection. Can take _2_ to heal depending on size of injury
1) Full-thickness
| 2) weeks - months
55
Hormone responsible for increasing cortisol synthesis
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
56
Stage of cancer: malignancy that has metastasized beyond the primary site, for example, to bone or another organ
Stage IV
57
Wagner ulcer grade scale: no open lesion, may possess pre-ulcerative lesions; healed ulcers
Grade 0
58
There must be pain in at least ___ of the 18 sites for a diagnosis of fibromyalgia
11
59
Wagner ulcer grade scale: deep ulcer with penetration through the subcutaneous tissue; potentially exposing bone, tendon, ligament, or joint capsuel
Grade 2
60
Inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme that blocks acid secretions from gastric cells into the stomach. Acid rebound phenomenon with discontinuation of agent
Proton pump inhibitor agents
61
Pressure ulcer stage: partial tissue thickness loss of dermis that is a shallow open ulcer with red or pink wound bed. Can be intact or serum-filled blister
Stage II
62
_1_ Burn classification: involves only the outer epidermis, can be reddened with slight edema. No peeling or scarring. Takes _2_ to heal
1) Superficial
| 2) 2-5 days
63
_1_ Burn classification: involves epidermis and upper dermis, can be extremely painful, and/or can have blisters. Minimal to no scarring and can take _2_ to heal.
1) superficial partial-thickness
| 2) 5-21 days
64
Cancer general sig and symptoms abbreviation:
- C:
- A:
- U:
- T:
- I:
- O:
- N:
- C: change in bowel/bladder routine
- A: a sore that will not heal
- U: unusual bleeding/discharge
- T: thickening/lump develops
- I: indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- O: obvious change in a wart/mole
- N: nagging cough/hoarseness
65
Wagner ulcer grade scale: superficial ulcer not involving the subcutaneous tissue
Grade 1
66
Form of skin cancer that is considered especially serious due to a high likelihood of metastasis in the melanin producing cells. First sign is a suspicious change in the appearance of a freckle or mole
Malignant melanoma
67
The parathyroid glands produce _1_, which is an antagonist to calcitonin. This hormone is responsible for _2_ blood calcium levels
1) parathormone
| 2) increasing
68
Thyroxine (T4) and. Triiodothyronine (T3) are produced by the thyroid and function to increase ______
Cellular level metabolism
69
Loss of urine due to activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as sneezing, coughing, laughing, running, and jumping
Stress urinary incontinence
70
Process of using simple molecules to build more complex compounds like proteins
Anabolism
71
_1_ is the phase of healing signaled by formation of new tissues. Capillary buds and granulation tissue begin to form a support structure for migrating epothelial cells. Collagen matrix is formed, skin integrity is restored, and wound closure occurs. This phase lasts _2_.
1) Proliferative phase
| 2) 3 - 21 days
72
_1_ Type of dressing: composed of hydrophilic wound contacting surface and hydrophobic noncontacting surface to absorb exudate, available in sheets or pads of varying thickness. Used in _2_ wounds
1) foam dressings
| 2) partial or full thickness
73
Type of debridement: application of moist gauze dressing that is allowed to dry and later removed to remove tissue. Used in cases of moderate exudate and necrotic tissue. Can cause bleeding and can be very painful
Wet to dry
74
Pressure ulcer stage: Full thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, muscle. Can have slough, escar, undermining, tunneling
Stage IV
75
Rule of nines: percentages for: 1) head and neck, 2) anterior trunk, 3) posterior trunk, 4) bilateral anterior arm, forearm, and hand, 5) bilateral posterior arm, forearm, and hand, 6) genital region, 7) bilateral anterior leg and foot, 8) bilateral posterior leg and foot
1) 9%
2) 18%
3) 18%
4) 9%
5) 9%
6) 1%
7) 18%
8) 18%
76
Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex include 1, 2, 3. Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla include 4,5
1) androgen
2) aldosterone
3) cortisol
4) epinephrine
5) norepinephrine
77
Type of debridement used when wounds have large amounts of thick, adherent, necrotic tissue, cellulitis, or sepsis
Sharp
78
_1_ Burn classification: complete destruction of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. Possibly involve muscles or bone and can require surgical intervention and excessive healing times
Subdermal
79
Topical agents used in burn care: broad spectrum, antifungal. May impair thyroid function and painful application
Povidone-iodine
80
Pregnancy requires an additional _1_ kcal/day in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis
1) 300
81
Cancer pharmacological agent that inhibit DNA translation and replication
Heavy metal compounds
82
_1_ regulates the release of the following: Growth hormone releasing hormone, growth hormone inhibiting hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone, prolactin releasing hormone, and prolactin inhibiting hormone. The targets of these hormones is the _2_
1) hypothalamus
| 2) pituitary gland
83
Tumor classification for epithelial tissue
Carcinoma
84
Specialized ductless glands that secrete hormones that travel though the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body
Endocrine glands
85
Condition that occurs when there is an excessive secretion of one or more hormones under the pituitary gland's control, resulting in some cases in gigantism, acromegaly, hirsutism, amenorrhea, infertility, and impotence
Hyperpituitarism
86
Loss of urine due to the inability or unwillingness of a person to use the bathroom facilities prior to involuntary bladder release
Functional urinary incontinence
87
Women should avoid exercise in the _1_ position after the _2_ trimester due to _3_ cardiac output in this position. _4_ exercise can cause blood to be distributed away from the uterus and so should be avoided. Prolonged periods of _5_ should be avoided as well
1) supine
2) first
3) decreased
4) Vigorous
5) motionless standing
88
Types of non-selective (mechanical) debridement
- wet to dry
- wound irrigation
- hydrotherapy
89
Part of the small intestines that absorbs water, electrolytes, and nutrients
Jejunum
90
Topical agents used in burn care: broad spectrum and non-allergenic, but discolors and poor penetration as well as cause severe electrolyte imbalance. Removal is painful
Silver nitrate
91
_1_ Type of wound generally located proximal to the medial malleolus with an irregular shape and shallow, moderate to heavy exudate, mild to moderate pain, normal pedal pulses, increased edema, normal skin temperature, flaking dry skin with brown discoloration. Leg elevation _2_ pain.
1) Venous insufficiency ulcer
| 2) decreases
92
Tumor classification for pigmented cells (such as moles)
Malignant melanoma
93
Condition responsible for hirsutism
Hyperpituitarism
94
Hormone responsible for promotion of ovulation, estrogen and progesterone stimulation, and promotion of testosterone synthesis in males
Luteinizing hormone
95
Stage of cancer: malignancy limited to the tissue of origin with no lymph node involvement or metastasis
Stage 1
96
Condition that occurs that includes the following symptoms: Grave's disease, increased nervousness, excessive sweating, weight loss, increased BP, exopthalmos, myopathy, chronic periarthritis
Hyperthyroidism
97
Condition occurring with the following symptoms: hypocalcemia, seizures, cognitive defects, short stature, tetany, muscle pain, cramps
Hypoparathyroidism
98
Tissue classification for connective tissues
"Sarcoma"
99
Adrenal dysfunction that presents with hyperfunction of the adrenal gland and excessive amounts of cortisol production. Symptoms include hyperglycemia, growth failure, truncal obesity, purple abdominal striae, moon face, buffalo hump, weakness, acne, hypertension, male gynecomastia. Depression, poor coordination, memory loss
Cushing's Syndrome
100
Stage of cancer: malignancy that has spread to adjacent tissues and showing signs of fixation to deeper structures. Likelihood of metastatic lymph node involvement is high
Stage III
101
Many physiological and morphological changes of pregnancy persist ____ weeks postpartum
4-6
102
Complex form of arthritis resulting from an abnormally high uric acid level. The great toe, knee, and ankle are the most commonly affected joints. Can be chronic or present as a series of acute attacks
Gout
103
Medications used to decrease symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Side effects include sedation, dysrhythmias, and pain
Antiemetic agents
104
Pressure ulcer stage: Full thickness tissue loss but without visible bone, muscles, or tendons. Can have slough, undermining, tunneling
Stage III
105
Process of breaking down organic compounds to provide heat and energy
Catabolism
106
Cancer pharmacological agent that creates an "imposter" to endogenous metabolites to form a nonfunctional genetic product that is incapable of reproduction
Antimetabolite agents
107
Type of debridement: removes necrotic tissue using pressurized fluid. Most desired when wounds are infected or have loose debris
wound irrigation
108
Medication used to induce vomiting and can cause side effects including dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, upper GI erosion wit prolonged use
Emetic agents
109
Components of the lower GI tract: Small intestines
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
110
Topical agents used in burn care: broad spectrum, works on yeast, can be applied directly, does not need a dressing, and painless. Does not penetrate eschar
Silver sulfadiazine
111
Wagner ulcer grade scale: Deep ulcer with osteitis, abscess or osteomyelitis
Grade 3
112
_1_ Type of dressing: consist of varying amounts of water and gel forming materials available as sheets or amorphous foam. Used on _2_ with minimal _3_. Usually require a second dressing
1) Hydrogels
2) superficial or partial thickness
3) drainage
113
Topical agents used in burn care: broad spectrum, penetrates burn eschar, but can cause metabolic acidosis and can cause respiratory dysfunction. May inhibit apithelialization
Mafenide Acetate
114
Calcitonin is a hormone released by the _1_ that _2_ calcium storage in bone and _3_ blood levels of calcium
1) thyroid gland
2) increases
3) decreases
115
Oxygen increases _1_, blood volume increases _2_, and cardiac output increases _3_ during pregnancy
1) 15-20%
2) 40-50%
3) 30-60%
116
Cancer pharmacological agent that targets the replication process prior to and during mitosis to inhibit cell division
Plant alkaloid agents (mitotic Inhibitors)
117
Noncontagious bacterial skin infection occurring in the dermal and subcutaneous layers that present with localized redness, warmth, tenderness, and edema that progressively worsens. Can spread and cause fatal septicemia
Cellulitis
118
Phase of healing initiated when epithelial differentiation and granulation tissue begins forming in wound bed. Healing continues until reformed tissues have about 80% the pre-injury strength. This phase lasts _2_
1) Maturation phase
| 2) 7 days - 2 years
119
_1_ Type of dressing: made from yarn or thread and can be impregnated and in many shapes or sizes. Can be used on infected and non-infected wounds _2_ and in wet-to-wet, wet-to-moist, or wet-to-dry debridement. Increased _3_ compared to occlusive dressings
1) Gauze
2) of any size
3) infection rate
120
Term for condition causing a shortened 4th and 5th metacarpal
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
121
Condition occurring that includes the following symptoms: fatigue, weakness, weight gain, delayed puberty, retarded growth and development
Hypothyroidism
122
_1_ Type of ulcer that occurs to areas of the foot that are susceptible to pressure, are generally a well defined oval or circle, callused rim, cracked periwound, with little to no wound bed necrosis. Good granulation, low to moderate exudate, diminished or absent pulse, possible lack of feeling, normal edema and decreased skin temperature.
1) Neuropathic ulcer
123
Topical agents used in burn care: bacteriocidal, broad spectrum but may lead to overgrowth of fungus
Nitrofurazone
124
Hormone responsible for increasing synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4
Thyroid stimulating hormone
125
Hormone that increases reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys to the blood and increases the excretion of potassium ions by the kidney into the urine
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
126
Hormone that causes vasoconstriction in sin, viscera, and skeletal muscles
Norepinephrine
127
The _1_ is the "master gland" that releases the following hormones: growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone
1) pituitary gland
128
Hormone responsible for decreasing blood glucose and increasing storage of glucose in fat, protein, and carbohydrates
Insulin
129
Type of healing usually occurring in acute wounds with minimal tissue loss (smooth edges reaproximated through medical management like staples or how an injury not needing stitches like an abrasion would heal)
Primary intention
130
Organ that is both exocrine and endocrine; producing insulin and glucagon (endocrine) and bile (exocrine)
Pancreas
131
The upper GI tract consists of the:
Mouth, esophagus, stomach
132
Topical agents used in burn care: broad spectrum and can be left open to air. Has caused resistant strains, is ototoxic, and nephrotic
Gentamicin
133
Part of the small intestines that neutralizes acid in food from the stomach and mixes pancreatic and biliary secretions with food
Duodenum
134
Type of healing that permits a wound to close on its own without superficial closure; wounds with significant tissue loss, necrosis, irregular or nonviable wound margins that are not able to be reapproximated. Infected wounds or those with debris typically heal this way as well
Secondary intention
