Cardiopulmonary PT Flashcards
1
Q
1) ECG interval: time for ventricular depolarization, 2) normal duration
A
1) QT interval
2) 0.20 - 0.40 seconds
2
Q
A depressed ST segment is a sign of 1 but can also be due to 2 or 3.
A
1) subendocardial ischemia
2) digitalis toxicity
3) hypokalemia
3
Q
Respiratory acidosis: 1) pH, 2) PaCO3, 3) HCO3, 4) causes, 5) signs/symptoms
A
1) decreased
2) increased
3) WNL
4) alveolar hypoventilation
5) anxiety, restlessness, dyspnea, headache, and later confusion, drowsiness, coma
4
Q
Original RPE (6 - 20) scale general rates: 1) very very light to fairly light, 2) somewhat hard to hard, 3) very hard to very, very hard
A
1) 6 - 12
2) 13 - 15
3) 16 - 20
5
Q
A sinus rhythm, but with a quickening and slowing of impulse formation in the SA node resulting in a slight beat to beat variation of the rate
A
Sinus arrhythmia
6
Q
Normal respiratory rhythm inspiration:expiration
A
I:E = 1:2
7
Q
Miniature pump implanted in the chest to provide mechanical support to the ventricle, bypassing the ventricle on the respective side it is implanted on or may bypass both ventricles in some instances. Can be temporarily used or permanent treatments instead of or while waiting for heart transplant
A
Ventricular assist devices (VAD); RVAD, LVAD, BiVAD
8
Q
Recognition of whispered words “1, 2, 3”
A
Whispered pectoriloquy
9
Q
Procedure where a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg or arm and is advanced to the coronary arteries where a contrast dye is injected to observe occlusion, measure BP or O2 in blood. Angiography and angioplasties are examples of these
A
Cardiac catheterization
10
Q
ECG: isoelectric period following QRS when the ventricles are depolarized
A
ST segment
11
Q
Refers to the forces that impede the flow of blood out of the heart, primarily the pressure of the peripheral vasculature, compliance of the aorta, and mass and viscosity of blood
A
Afterload
12
Q
The apex of the heart is at the level of the 1 intercostal space at the 2 line.
A
1) 5th
2) left midclavicular
13
Q
Normal hemoglobin range
A
12.0 - 16.2 gm/dL
14
Q
Expected outcomes of incentive spirometry
A
- absence of or improvement in atelectasis
- decreased respiratory rate
- resolution of fever
- normal pulse rate
- normal chest x-ray
- improved PaO2
- increased FVC and peak expiratory flows
15
Q
As cor pulmonale progresses, symptoms may include 1 and 2
A
1) peripheral pitting edema
2) jugular vein distention
16
Q
1) Ventricular arrhythmia: premature ventricular depolarization due to ectopic focus; p wave is absent and QRS complexes are wide and aberrant in shape. 2) clinical significance
A
1) premature ventricular complex (PVC)
2) can be benign or pathological. 3+ PVCs can indicate ventricular tachycardia
17
Q
Autosomal recessive genetic disorder located on the long arm of chromosome 7. Death usually results from respiratory failure
A
Cystic fibrosis
18
Q
Inserting a balloon-tipped catheter into a stenotic artery and expanding the balloon at the site of blockage to increase flow of blood and insert a stent to prop the vessel open
A
Balloon angioplasty
19
Q
1) Interval in an ECG for atrial depolarization and conduction from the SA node to the AV node. 2) Normal duration
A
1) PR interval
2) 0.12 - 0.20 seconds
20
Q
Contraction of the right and left ventricles pushing blood into the pulmonary arteries and aorta
A
Ventricular systole
21
Q
Expected outcomes for diaphragmatic breathing
A
- decreased RR
- decreased use of accessory muscles
- increased tidal volume
- decreased respiratory flow rate
- improvement of dyspnea subjectively
- improved activity tolerance
22
Q
The maximal volume of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal exhalation, equal to TV + IRV (about 60% total lung volume)
A
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
23
Q
The volume of air in the lungs after normal exhalation, equal to ERV + RV (about 40% of total lung volume)
A
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
24
Q
Metabolic alkalosis: 1) pH, 2) PaCO2, 3) HCO3, 4) causes, 5) symptoms
A
1) increased
2) WNL
3) increased
4) bicarbonate ingestion, vomiting, diuretics, steroids, adrenal disease
5) weakness, lethargy, possible tetany
25
Voice sounds
- bronchophony
- egophony
- whispered pectoriloquy
26
Postural drainage position: pt is in a sitting position and leaning back on a 30-40 degree angle
Apical segments right and left upper lobes
27
Normal range for HCO3 (bicarbonate)
24 mEq/L (22 - 26 mEq/L)
28
ECG: waveform for ventricular repolarization
T wave
29
At arterial partial oxygen pressures of less than 50 mmHg or conditions of _1_, chemoreceptors stimulate respiratory centers to _2_ depth and rate of ventilation. There is then ensuing activation of the parasympathetic system that _3_ HR and myocardial contractility. This reflex is referred to as the _4_.
1) acidosis
2) increase
3) reduces
4) chemoreceptor reflex
30
Pathological sound of vibration of the ventricular wall with ventricular filing and atrial contraction
S4
31
Postural drainage position: pt in prone with the foot of the bed elevated 18 inches
Posterior basal segments left and right lower lobes
32
ECG waveform for atrial depolarization
P wave
33
Cardiac enzyme studies studies measure the levels of _1_ and the protein _2_ in the blood to determine if a myocardial infarction has occurred. 3) How long does each last?
1) Creatine phosphokinase (CK)
2) Troponin-1
3) CK appears 4 hours after, lasting 48-72 hours. Troponin-1 remains 5-7 days
34
The base of the heart below the _1_ at the level of the _2_ intercostal space
1) second rib
| 2) 2nd
35
Continuous monitoring of the cardiovascular status with intra-arterial catheters and intravenous lines. CVP is used to measure vena cava and right atrial pressure and a swan ganz catheter monitors pulmonary artery and left ventricle pressure
Invasive hemodynamic monitoring
36
LDL cholesterol values: 1) optimal, 2) near optimal, 3) borderline, 4) high, 5) very high
1) < 100 mg/dl
2) 100 - 129 mg/dl
3) 130 - 159 mg/dl
4) 160 - 189 mg/dl
5) > or equal to 190 mg/dl
37
Postural drainage position: pt turned 1/4 from supine on the left side with the foot of the bed elevated to 12 inches
Right middle lobe
38
Continuous low pitched sounds with a "snoring" or "gurgling" quality caused by passage of air through an airway obstructed by inflammatory secretions or liquid, bronchial spasm or neoplasms in smaller airways
Rhonchi
39
The maximal flow of air during the beginning of a forced expiratory maneuver
Peak expiratory flow (PEF)
40
Compression to ventilation ratio in 1) adults, 2) children and infants with 1 rescuer, and 3) children and infants with 2 rescuers
1) 30:2
2) 30:2
3) 15:2
41
Triglyceride ranges: 1) desirable, 2) borderline, 3) high, 4) very high
1) < 150 mg/dl
2) 150 - 199 mg/dl
3) 200 - 499 mg/dl
4) > or equal to 500 mg/dl
42
Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis
- fever
- chills
- fatigue
- weight loss
- decreased appetite
- night sweats
43
Normal range for erythrocytes
4.0 - 5.6 x 10^6/ml
44
Procedure for direct visualization of the bronchial tree with a fiber optic instrument that transmits an image to identify tumors, bronchitis, foreign bodies, and bleeding
Bronchoscopy
45
In segmental breathing, the therapist applies firm pressure _1_ to the patient's chest wall overlying the area to be expanded. The therapist _2_ during pt's inhalation stage
1) at the end of exhalation
| 2) reduces hand pressure
46
1) Atrioventricular conduction block: conduction disturbance in which impulses between the atria and ventricles fail intermittently 2) types, and 3) clinical significance
1) 2nd degree AV block
2) Mobitz type I and Mobitz type II
3) Mobitz type 1: progressive prolongation of PR interval until one impulse is not conducted (generally benign), and type II: consecutive PR intervals are the same and normal followed by noncunduction of one or more impulses. CO can decrease and this form can lead to 3rd degree AV block
47
Maintain each position for postural drainage for ___
2 - 3 minutes
48
Condition in which fluid pH of the body is increased, hyperventilation removes CO2 than the body can produce (causing decreased H+), and includes symptoms of tachypnea, tachycardia, hyperventilation, and dizziness
Respiratory alkalosis
49
Resting respiratory rate for newborn
33-45 breaths/min
50
Heart sounds: marking the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the onset of the ventricular systole
S1 (lub)
51
METs in: 1) Walking slowly at home, 2) walking 3 mph, 3) walking 4 mph, 4) jogging 5 mph, 5) running 7 mph
1) 3 METs
2) 3 - 4 METs
3) 4.5 - 7 METs
4) 8 METs
5) 11.5 METs
52
HDL cholesterol values: 1) low, 2) high
1) < 40 mg/dl
| 2) > or equal to 60 mg/dl
53
1) Ventricular arrhythmia: ventricles do not beat in a coordinated fashion and "quiver" ineffectively, resulting in no cardiac output leading to unconsciousness. 2) clinical significance
1) ventricular fibrillation (v-fib)
| 2) lethal; requires immediate defibrillation and additional medical treatment
54
Side effects of antihistamines
Arrhythmias, orthostatic hypotension, gastrointestinal distress, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, blurred vision, fatigue, nausea, thickening of the bronchial secretions
55
Side effects of bronchodilators
Paradoxical bronchospasm, dry mouth, gastrointestinal distress, chest pain, palpitations, tremor, nervousness, increased risk of asthma-related death
56
Relative indications for terminating an exercise test
- drop in SBP > 10 mHg
- > 2 mm ST segment depression
- arrhythmias other than sustained v-tach including: multifocal PVCs, Supra Ventricular tachycardia, heart block, or bradyarrhythmias
- fatigue, shortness of breath, wheezing, leg cramps, and claudication
- bundle branch block or intraventricular delay
- increasing chest pain
- hypertensive response (SBP > 250 and or DBP > 115)
57
Arterial blood gas values tested for
pH, ventilation (PaCO2), oxygenation of arterial blood (PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen), percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SaO2), and bicarbonate (HCO3)
58
Volume of blood ejected by each left ventricle contraction and normal range
Stroke volume; 60-80 mL
59
When leaflets of the heart valves are thickened, _1_ of blood is restricted. When leaflets lose competency and fail to close tightly, blood can _2_ or _"3"_.
1) forward flow
2) flow backwards
3) regurgitate
60
Expected outcomes of segmental breathing
- increase chest wall mobility
- expand collapsed alveoli through collateral ventilation
- assist with secretion removal
61
1) Decrease BP by increasing the excretion of sodium and urine, 2) side effects
1) Diuretics
| 2) dehydration, hypotension, electrolyte imbalances, polyuria, increased LDLs, arrhythmias
62
Breathing technique to reduce respiratory rate, reduce dyspnea, and maintain a small positive pressure in the bronchioles to aid in preventing airway collapse in emphysema patients. Can be done in anyone with SOB
Pursed - lip breathing
63
Radiologic examination of blood vessels injected with contrast medium to show the location of plaques in coronary arteries and extent of occlusion
Angiography
64
Incentive spirometers: breath should be held for at least _1_ seconds. Incentive spirometry should be performed _2_ per hour when awake
1) 3
| 2) 5-10 breaths
65
Postural drainage position: pt turned 1/4 from prone on the left side with the bed horizontal and the head and shoulders raised on a pillow
Posterior segment right upper lobe
66
MET values: 1) Light, 2) moderate, and 3) vigorous
1) < 3
2) 3 - 6
3) > 6
67
1) ECG waveform for ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization 2) normal duration
1) QRS complex
| 2) 0.06 - 0.10 seconds
68
Loud, tubular sounds normally heard over the trachea with a shorter inspiratory than expiratory phase with a slight pause between phases
Tracheal and bronchial sounds
69
A form of bronchophony in which the spoken long "E" sound changes to a long, nasal-sounding "A"
Egophony
70
Side effects of mucolytic agents
Pharyngitis, oral mucosa inflammation, rhinitis, chest pain
71
1) Used to decrease blood pressure and afterload by suppressing the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. 2) Indications 3) side effects
1) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor agents
2) hypertension; congestive heart failure
3) hypotension, dizziness, dry cough, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia
72
Uses an x-ray machine that rotates around the patient and uses a computer to create a picture of the organ and surrounding structures
Computed tomography scan (CT scan)
73
Use the ___ of the stethoscope to listen for breath sounds and to perform lung auscultation
Diaphragm
74
PVC occurs after every 2 normal sinus impulses
Trigeminy
75
Bocarbonate keeps blood from becoming too ___ and is often part of an ABG test
acidic or basic
76
A sinus rhythm, except with intermittent failure of either SA node impulse formation or AV node conduction that results n the occasional complete absence of P or QRS waves
Sinus arrest
77
Removal of fluid from the pleural space with a needle for microbiological and cytologic studies
Thoracentesis
78
Holter monitor that records heart activity 24 - 48 hours or longer to evaluate cardiac rhythm, effect of medication, and pacemaker function
Ambulatory ECG
79
1) increase myocardial contraction force and velocity, decrease the heart rate and conduction velocity, decrease sympathetic activation of the nervous system, 2) indications, 3) side effects
1) positive inotropic agents
2) heart failure, atrial fibrillation
3) arrhythmias, gastrointestinal distress, dizziness, blurred vision
80
Contraction of the right and left atria pushing blood into the ventricles
Atrial systole
81
The volume change that occurs between maximal inspiration and maximal expiration, equal to TV + IRV + ERV (about 75% of TLV)
Vital Capacity (VC)
82
Postural drainage position: pt turned 1/4 from prone on the right side with the head of the bed elevated 45 deg and the head and shoulders raised on a pillow
Posterior segment left upper lobe
83
Normal range for PaO2 (partial pressure of O2 in blood)
97 mmHg (80 - 100 mmHg)
84
Crackles that occur during the latter half of inspiration typically represent ____
Atelectasi. Fibrosis, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion
85
Normal respiratory rate for 1 year old
25-35 breaths/min
86
Surgical incision used to access the heart, great vessels, lungs, esophagus, and diaphragm for therapeutic purposes that may be made under the arm (axillary), through the sternum (median sternotomy), from the back to the side (posterolateral), or under the breast (anterolateral)
Thoracotomy
87
Non-invasive test using high frequency sound waves to evaluate functioning of the heart. Provides information on the size and function of the ventricles, thickness of septums, and functioning of walls, valves, and chambers of the heart
Echocardiography
88
A condition that causes an overproduction of red blood cells
Polycythemia vera
89
Normal range for pH
7.4 (7.35 - 7.45)
90
The period between atrial contractions when the atria are repolarizing
Atrial diastole
91
Ausculatory area: 2nd intercostal space at the right sternal border
Aortic area
92
Continuous musical or whistling sound composed of a variety of pitches arising from turbulent airflow and the vibrations of the walls of small airways due to narrowing by bronchospasm, edema, collapse, secretions, neoplasm, or foreign body
Wheeze
93
Abnormal, discontinuous, high pitched popping sound heard more often during inspiration associated with restrictive or obstructive lung disorders
Crackles
94
Side effects of anti-inflammatory agents
- Corticosteroids: damage of supporting tissues, skin breakdown, osteoporosis, decreased bone density, glaucoma, delayed growth, nasal irritation and dryness,sneezing, bloody mucus
- Leukotriene modifiers: liver dysfunction
- Mast-cell stabilizers: bronchospasm, throat and nasal irritation, cough, gastrointestinal distress
95
Symptoms of a pulmonary embolism include
- sudden onset of dyspnea
- coughing
- hypoxia
- chest pain
- myocardial infarction
96
Dry, crackling sound heard during both inspiration and expiration occurring when inflamed visceral and parietal pleura rub together
Pleural friction rub
97
1) Decrease the entry of calcium into vascular smooth muscle cells resulting in diminished myocardial contraction, vasodilation, and decreased oxygen demand of the heart, 2) side effects
1) Calcium channel blocker agents
| 2) dizziness, headache, hypotension, peripheral edema
98
Indications (1) and side effects of anticoagulant medications (2)
1) post surgical cardiac procedures, DVT prevention, to prevent cardioembolic events with atrial fibrillation and prosthetic heart valves
2) hemmorhage, increased bleeding risk, gastrointestinal distress (oral medications only)
99
Immediate branches of the aortic arch
Right: brachiocephalic artery, middle: left common carotid artery, and left left subclavian artery
100
Expected outcome of pursed lip breathing
- decrease RR
- relieve dyspnea
- reduce arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2)
- improve tidal volume
- improve SaO2
- prevent airway collapse in patients with emphysema
- increase activity tolerance
101
Respiratory alkalosis: 1) pH, 2) PaCO2, 3) HCO3, 4) causes, and 5) signs and symptoms
1) increased
2) decreased
3) WNL
4) alveolar hyperventilation
5) dizziness, syncope, tingling, confusion, cramping, tetany
102
1) decrease myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing HR and contractility by blocking beta-Andrenergic receptors, 2) indications, 3) side effects
1) Beta blocker agents
2) hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, heart failure, migraines, essential tremor
3) bradycardia, arrhythmias, fatigue, depression, dizziness, weakness, blurred vision
103
1 breath every _1_ seconds for CPR; each breath should be _2_ in duration, resulting in a _3_.
1) 6-8 Seconds
2) 1 second
3) visible chest rise
104
_1_ heart failure is generally associated with signs of pulmonary venous congestion, _2_ heart failure is associated with signs of systemic venous congestion
1) left sided
| 2) right sided
105
Two primary indications for a tracheostomy
1) airway obstruction at or above the level of the larynx
2) respiratory failure requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation
The tracheostomy can be closed when it is no longer needed
106
ST segment elevation is the earliest sign of ____.
Transmural infarction
107
Procedure using sound waves to examine and visualize structure and function of carotid arteries and to determine if there are blockages that could lead to or be a risk for stroke or heart attack or evaluate placement of a stentor function after carotid endarterectomy
Carotid ultrasound
108
The maximal volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation (about 15% total lung volume)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
109
Absolute indications for terminating an exercise test:
- drop in SBP > 10 mmHg
- moderate angina (3/4 on angina scale)
- increasing nervous system symptoms (ataxia, dizziness)
- signs of poor profusion (cyanosis, pallor)
- sustained ventricular tachycardia
- 1 mm ST elevation
110
Procedure to measure ankle brachial index
- Measure SBP in both ankle and both tibialis posterior arteries with a sphygmomanometer and handheld Doppler ultrasound
- calculate ABI by dividing the higher of the ankle measurements by the higher of the arm measurements
111
The period between ventricular contractions when the ventricles are repolarizing
Ventricular diastole
112
1) Normal increase in SBP during exercise, 2) DBP response, 3) RR and tital volume rate
1) 8 - 12 mmHg per MET
2) no change or moderate increase (no more than 10 mmHg)
3) increased
113
Respiratory rhythm for COPD: inspiratory:expiratory ratio
I:E = 1:3 or 1:4
114
Drugs used in pharmacological stress tests
Adenosine, dipyridamole, dobutamine
115
Ausculatory area: 5th intercostal space, medial to the left midclavicular line
Mitral valve
116
_1_ carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the _2_.
1) Pulmonary arteries
| 2) lungs
117
Precautions/contraindications for airway clearance techniques
- intracranial pressure > 20 mmHg
- unstabilized head or neck injury
- active unstable hemorrhage
- recent spinal surgery
- active hemoptysis
- empyema, bronchopleural fistula
- pulmonary edema associated with congestive heart failure
- large pleural effusion, pulmonary embolism
- rib fracture with or without flail chest
- surgical wound or healing tissue
118
Heart sound: vibrations of the distended ventricular walls due to passive flow of blood from the atria during the rapid filing phase of diastole
S3
119
1) AV conduction block: all impulses are blocked and atria and ventricles pace independently (atrial rate > ventricular rate). 2) clinical significance
1) 3rd degree AV block
| 2) medical emergency requiring a pacemaker
120
BP for hypertension
140/90 mmHg
121
Total volume inspired and expired with each breath during quiet breathing (about 10% TLV)
Tidal volume (TV)
122
Semilunar valve separating the left ventricle from the aorta
Aortic semilunar valve
123
Tension in the ventricular wall at the end of diastole. It is a reflection of venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole
Preload
124
The bladder inside of a BP cuff should encircle _1_ of the arm in adults and _2_ of the arm in children younger than 13 years old. If the bladder is too small, _3_ readings may result. So if in doubt, _4_.
1) 80%
2) 100%
3) false high
4) use a larger cuff
125
Surgical procedure similar to angioplasty with the catheter equipped with a rotating shaver to cut away plaque to decrease blood flow
Atherectomy
126
High pitched, breezy sounds normally heard over the distal airways in healthy lung tissue with a longer inspiratory phase than expiratory phase and no pause between the two phases
Vesicular breath sounds
127
Symptoms of _____ may resolve fully with elevation and reappear once dependent positioning is resumed
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
128
ABI index interpretations: 1) rigid arteries from PAD, 2) normal, 3) mild blockage, 4) moderate blockage, 5) severe blockage
1) > or equal to 1.30
2) 1.0 - 1.30
3) 0.80 - 0.99
4) 0.4 - 0.79
5) < 0.4
129
Continuous high-pitched wheeze indicating upper airway obstruction
Stridor
130
The body converts any calories it does not need to use right away into _1_, which are stored in _2_
1) triglycerides
| 2) adipose tissue
131
1) Atrial dysrhythmia that is common and the atria are depolarized between 350-600 times/min. Does not have discrete P waves and has characteristically irregular undulations of ECG baseline. 2) clinical significance
1) Atrial fibrillation
2) can be benign or pathological. Signs and symptoms can include palpitations, fatigue, dyspnea, lightheadedness, syncope, and chest pain and stagnation can predispose the patient to thrombi in the atria
132
Postural drainage position: pt is prone with the bed horizontal
Superior segments left and right lower lobes
133
Equation for HR reserve or Karvonen formula
- Lower THR = [(HRmax - HRrest) x 40%] + HRrest
- Upper THR = [(HRmax - HRrest) x 85%] + HRrest
- HRmax = 220 - age or gotten from exercise stress test
134
Segmental breathing is also known as localized breathing or thoracic expansion exercise. It is intended to _1_ and prevent and treat pulmonary complications after surgery. Position the patient _2_ for basal atelectasis, _3_ with the affected lung uppermost, and in _4_ to assist with secretion removal
1) improve regional ventilation
2) sitting
3) sidelying
4) postural drainage position with affected lung uppermost
135
Condition in which body fluid pH is low, hypoventilation prevents adequate CO2 removal, bicarbonate levels decrease, and include symptoms of lethargy, confusion, altered mental status, and cyanosis in worser stages of the condition
Respiratory acidosis
136
Ausculatory area: 2nd intercostal space at he left sternal border
Pulmonic area
137
1) Ventricular arrhythmia: 3 or more consecutive PVCs at a ventricular rate of > 150 beats/min. P waves are absent and QRS complexes are wide and aberrant in appearance. 2) clinical significance
1) ventricular tachycardia (v-tach)
2) V-tach longer than 30 seconds is life threatening requires immediate medical intervention. May degenerate into ventricular fibrillation causing cardiac arrest
138
Normal respiratory rate for adult
12-20 breaths/min
139
Revised RPE scale general ratings: 1) nothing to weak, 2) moderate to strong, 3) very strong to maximal
1) 0 - 2
2) 3 - 5
3) 6 - 10
140
The maximal volume of air that can be inspired after normal tidal volume inspiration, about 50% TLV
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
141
1) Surgical procedure that uses radio frequencies or chemicals to destroy areas of the myocardium that are causing cardiac arrhythmias. 2) indications
1) Cardiac ablation
| 2) tachyarrhythmias that are not controlled with meds or arrhythmias that respond well to ablation
142
RPE of 13 - 14 represents _1_ max HR during exercise. RPE of _2_ corresponds to the upper limit of prescribed training heart rates early in cardiac rehabilitation
1) 70%
| 2) 11-13
143
The volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration (about 25% of TLV)
Residual volume (RV)
144
Uses a small camera to view lung surfaces, pleura, pleural space. Can also take a biopsy while inserted between ribs and pleural space
Pleuroscopy
145
Imaging test using a small amount of radioactive material is used to view areas of chemical activity corresponding to disease used to evaluate heart disease and cancer
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
146
Atrioventricular valve separating the left atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
147
Postural drainage position: pt. Is in supine with the bed horizontal
Anterior segments right and left upper lobes
148
Surgical removal of one or more of the large air spaces called bullae that form when the alveoli are destroyed by emphysema are removed to improve breathing
Bullectomy
149
__ is more sensitive than prothrombin time in detecting minor deficiencies
Partial thromboblastin time
150
Classifications of hypertension: 1) Normal, 2) prehypertensive, 3) Stage 1 hypertension, 4) stage 2 hypertension
1) < 120 / <80
2) 120-139 / 80-89
3) 140-159 / 90-99
4) > or equal to 160 / 100
151
Ausculatory area: 4th intercostal space at the left sternal border
Tricuspid area
152
Cor pulmonale occurs when the _1_ is unable to effectively pump blood due to prolonged _2_ hypertension and increased _3_
1) right ventricle
2) pulmonary
3) right ventricular afterload
153
Diagnoses that qualify for a lung transplant
- end stage COPD
- interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
- cystic fibrosis
- other serious lung disease
- patients cannot have other serious comobridities
154
The volume of air that occupies the non-respiratory conducting airways
Anatomical dead space volume (VD)
155
_1_ activation of the baroreceptor reflex leads to a decrease in heart rate and contractility, resulting in _2_.
1) Parasympathetic
| 2) decreased BP
156
Used to visualize the location, size, and shape of the heart and the lungs, blood vessels, ribs, and bones of the spine. Can reveal fluid in the lungs or pleural space, pneumonia, emphysema, cancer, and other conditions
Chest radiograph
157
Procedure that reroutes blood around a blocked artery using the patient's saphenous vein, internal thoracic/mammary artery or radial artery to connect the affected artery above and below the occlusion
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)
158
A radio plaque dye is injected into a vein while an x-ray procedure creates an image of the vein to detect a blood clot or blockage
Venography
159
Normal sinus pulse followed by a PVC
Bigeminy
160
Postural drainage position: pt turned 1/4 from supine on the right side with the foot of the bed elevated 12 inches
Lingula left upper lobe
161
Normal range for SaO2 (percent oxygen saturation in hemoglobin)
95 - 98%
162
The serous layer of the pericardium that contains coronary arteries and veins, autonomic nerves, and lymphatics
Epicardium
163
1)Decrease ischemia through smooth muscle relaxation and dilation of peripheral vessels, 2) Indication, 3) side effects
1) Nitrate agents
2) angina
3) headache, dizziness, orthostatic hypotenson, reflex tachycardia, nausea, vomiting
164
1) Atrioventricular conduction block: PR interval is longer than 0.2 sec but is relatively constant from beat to beat. 2) clinical significance
1) 1st degree atrioventricular block
| 2) no symptoms and can occur for many reasons including certain medications
165
1) Atrial dysrhythmia that occurs when an ectopic focus in the atrium initiates an impulse before the SA node when the P wave is premature with abnormal configuration. 2) clinical significance
1) premature atrial contractions (PAC)
| 2) very common and generally benign, but can progress to atrial flutter, tachycardia or fibrillation
166
_1_ is the percentage of red blood cells in total blood volume. Normal values are _2_. Low levels indicate _3_ and high levels indicate _4_.
1) hematocrit
2) 0.354 - 0.464
3) anemia, blood loss, vitamin or mineral deficiencies
4) dehydration or polycythemia vera
167
Uses magnetic waves and radio waves to create a 3D image of the heart and blood vessels to assess size, function, thickness and movement of walls, extent of damage by MI or heart disease, and structure problems of the aorta. Also presence of plaques and blockages in blood vessels
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
168
Total cholesterol values: 1) Desirable, 2) borderline, 3) high
1) < 200 mg/dl
2) 200 - 239 mg/dl
3) > 240 mg/dl
169
Normal Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
26.3 - 39.4 sec
170
CPR sequence and compression rate
1) compression - airway - breathing
| 2) at least 100/min
171
1) dissolves blood clots through conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, 2) side effects
1) thrombolytic agents
| 2) hemorrhage (specifically intracranial), allergic reaction, arrhythmias
172
Increased vocal resonance with greater clarity and loudness of spoken words
Bronchophony
173
Normal range for PaCO2 (partial pressure of CO2 in blood)
40 mmHg (35 - 45 mmHg)
174
Amount of blood pumped from left or right ventricle per minute, equation, normal values, and normal increase during exercise
Cardiac output, 4.5 - 5.0 L/min, and up to 25 L/min
175
_1_ activation of the baroreceptor reflex leads to increased cardiac contratility, venoconstriction, and arterial vasoconstriction via elevation of _2_ and _3_.
1) Sympathetic
2) peripheral resistance
3) cardiac output
176
Semilunar valve separating the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
177
Formula for maximum HR
- Lower target HR = HRmax x 55%
| - Upper target HR = HRmax x 90%
178
Heart sound: closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves at the onset of ventricular diastole
S2 (dub)
179
Postural drainage position: pt in sidelying with the foot of the bed elevated 18 inches
Lateral basal segment lower lobes
180
Atrioventicular valve on the right side of the heart
Tricuspid valve
181
Typically occur from the movement of fluid or secretions during inspiration _1_ or occur from sudden opening of closed airways _2_
1) wet crackles
| 2) dry crackles
182
Continuous x-ray procedure showing the heart and lungs that involves a high dose of radiation, which has been mostly replaced by other procedures.
Fluoroscopy
183
1) most common type of, and 2) side effects of antihyperlipidemia agents
1) statins
| 2) headache, gastrointestinal distress, myalgia, rash
184
The maximal volume of air exhaled in a specific period of time, usually the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd second of a forced vital capacity maneuver
Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
185
Pathology with signs and symptoms including barrel chest appearance, increased subcostal angle, rounded shoulders due to tight pectorals, and rosy skin coloring. Worsening of the condition leads to persistent cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing especially on expiration, and an increased respiration rate.
Emphysema
186
Leukocytes normal range
3.54 - 9.06 x 10^3/mm3
187
_1_ carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the _2_
1) Pulmonary veins
| 2) left atrium
188
_1_: Forced expiration against a closed glottis produces increased intrathoracic pressure, increased central venous pressure, and decreased venous return, resulting in decreased cardiac output and BP. There is a responding increase in HR and myocardial contractility through _2_. When the glottis opens, the opposite occurs through _3_.
1) Valsalva maneuver
2) sympathetic
3) parasympathetic activity
189
1) Control arrhythmias through different mechanisms controlling conductivity. 2) side effects
1) Antiarrythmic agents
| 2) arrhythmia exacerbation, dizziness, hypotension
190
Normal breathing pattern for 10 year old
15-20 breaths/min
191
Postural drainage position: the patient is in supine with the foot of the bed elevated 18 inches
Anterior basal segments left and right lower lobes
192
Normal blood platelet count
165 - 415 x 10^3/mm3
193
Metabolic acidosis: 1) pH, 2) PaCO2, 3) HCO3, 4) causes, 5) signs/symptoms
1) decreased
2) WNL
3) decreased
4) diabetic, lactic or uremic acidosis, prolonged diarrhea
5) secondary hyperventilation, nausea and vomiting, cardiac dysrhythmias, coma
194
Compression depth for CPR in: 1) adults, 2) children, 3) infants
1) at least 2 inches (5 cm)
2) at least 1/3 AP depth of about 2 inches
3) at least 1/3 AP depth (1.5 in or 4 cm)
195
The volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration; the sum of all lung volumes (RV + VC or FRC + IC)
Total lung capacity (TLC)
196
_1_ is the reflex when increased venous return stretches receptors in the walls of the right atrium, sending signals to the cardiovascular center in the medulla to _2_ parasympathetic activity and _3_.
1) Bainbridge reflex
2) inhibit
3) increased HR
197
The huff cough technique reduces the risk of ___
Airway collapse
198
Tidal volume average values
500 - 600 mL
199
Normal inspiratory reserve volume
1900 - 3000 mL
200
Normal expiratory reserve volume
800 - 1200 mL
201
Total lung capacity average values
4200 - 6000 mL
202
Residual volume average values
1000 - 1200 mL
203
Forced vital capacity normal range
3200 - 4800 mL
204
Inspiratory capacity normal range
2400 - 3600 mL
205
Functional residual capacity normal values
1800 - 2400 mL
