Other questions from review Powerpoint

Question 1

What makes ECM?

Answer 1

fibroblasts and neighboring cells

Question 2

What makes cartilage?

Answer 2

chondroblasts

Question 3

What makes bone?

Answer 3

osteoblasts

Question 4

What makes dentin?

Answer 4

odontoblasts

Question 5

What makes enamel?

Answer 5

ameloblasts (epithelial)

Question 6

What is found in basement membranes?

Answer 6

epithelia, muscle, fat, schwann cells

Question 7

What is the structure of tropocollagen?

Answer 7

3 helical strands wrapped around each other

Question 8

What arrangement do tropocollagen bundles have?

Answer 8

tropocollagen fibrils arrange into a staggered array of parallel bundles

Question 9

Every 4th molecule of tropocologen forms what?

Answer 9

striations that are visible by electron microscope

Question 10

collagen crosslinks are via what?

Answer 10

lysinonorleucine

Question 11

What is the enzyme that produces lysinonorleucine?

Answer 11

lysyl amino oxidase

Question 12

What cofactor is required for lysyl amino oxidase?

Answer 12

vit. B 6

Question 13

What types of collagen are found in interstitial connective tissue?

Answer 13

type I, II, III, V, and XI

Question 14

What is the major stress bearing component of cartilage, tendons, and ligaments?

Answer 14

collaagen

Question 15

Where is type I collagen found? (9)

Answer 15

in most connective tissue, bone, tendon, skin, dentin, ligament, fascia, arteries and the uterus

Question 16

Where is type II collagen found? (1)

Answer 16

vitreous humor (articular surfaces)

Question 17

Type II collagen is a component of what?

Answer 17

hyaline cartilage

Question 18

What is found in collagen type III?

Answer 18

reticular fibers

Question 19

Where is type III collagen found? (4)

Answer 19

skin, arteries, uterus, and periodontal ligament

Question 20

Where is type IV collagen found? (1)

Answer 20

the lens

Question 21

Type IV collagen is the most abundant structural component of what?

Answer 21

basement membranes

Question 22

What makes type VIII collagen?

Answer 22

endothelial cells

Question 23

What makes type X collagen?

Answer 23

chondrocytes during endochondral ossification

Question 24

What two types of collagen are multiplexins?

Answer 24

types XV and XVIII

Question 25

What do multiplexins have and where are they found?

Answer 25

have multiple triple helix domains and interruptions and they are found in basement membranes

Question 26

What does troponin c bind to?

Answer 26

calcium

Question 27

What is the arrangement of thin muscle filaments?

Answer 27

doubles stranded tropomycin

Question 28

What type of muscle does not use troponin in muscle contraction/calcium binding?

Answer 28

smooth muscle

Question 29

What does smooth muscle use for muscle contraction/calcium binding?

Answer 29

calmodulin

Question 30

What are the two things that calmodulin activates?

Answer 30

myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and caldesmon

Question 31

What is the process calcium binding in smooth muscle contraction?

Answer 31

1. Calcium binds to calmodulin (CaM) 2. Calcium + calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) 3. MLCK phosphorylates light chains in myosin heads and increase myosin ATPase activity which creates muscle tension

Question 32

What is G actin?

Answer 32

individual globular actin molecules

Question 33

What is F actin?

Answer 33

fibrous complex of G actin molecules

Question 34

How is tropomyosin regulated in smooth muscle contraction?

Answer 34

it is regulated with a calcium/calmodulin regulated protein called caldesmon

Question 35

What happens to muscle contraction after death?

Answer 35

energy stored by myosin is released and ADP and Pi dissociate from myocin which results in relaxation of myocin and induces longitudinal sliding of actin and myosin filaments

Question 36

Is there any source of ATP after death?

Answer 36

no that's why no calcium can be pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 37

What is rigor mortis?

Answer 37

when myosin continues attaching to the available actin binding sites and muscle contraction will continue

Question 38

What is the structure of myosin?

Answer 38

two heavy chains coil from carboxy terminus

Question 39

What does the amino terminus form?

Answer 39

globular heads

Question 40

What associates with the head region?

Answer 40

light chains

Question 41

What results in heavy and light meromyosin?

Answer 41

cleavage with trypsin and papain

Question 42

What enzyme goes up at the earliest time point following a heart attack?

Answer 42

troponin

Question 43

What are the other two enzymes that peak following a heart attack?

Answer 43

(troponin is first) | then creatine kinase and then lactate dehydrogenase

Question 44

What type of metabolism does cardiac muscle have?

Answer 44

totally aerobic

Question 45

Is there a lot of mitochondria in cardiac muscle?

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

In what form does cardiac muscle store energy?

Answer 46

in the form of phosphocreatine

Question 47

What is oxidized in cardiac muscle?

Answer 47

glucose and ketone bodies

Question 48

What is the storage in skeletal muscle that can be used in aerobic conditions?

Answer 48

glycogen storage

Question 49

What is used during light activity or rest in skeletal muscle?

Answer 49

fatty acids, ketone bodies, blood glucose | releases C02

Question 50

What are the 2 things used during bursts of heavy activity in skeletal muscle?

Answer 50

phosphocreatine (releases creatine) | muscle glycogen releases lactate

Question 51

How much phosphocreatine is in the skeletal muscle?

Answer 51

10-30milimolar | ALOT

Question 52

What is the benefit of phosphocreatine?

Answer 52

it is a reserve for ATP (storage of high energy phosphates) this is a way to hide them because if there was excess ATP the body would stop the processes used to produce ATP but if they are stored as high energy phosphates in phosphocreatine then the processes continue and this can be used during bursts of heavy activity

Question 53

What are some inherited diseases that are caused by defects in genes that affect basement membranes?

Answer 53

other collagen alpha IV chains, collagen VII, collagen, XVII, laminin5, integrins

Question 54

There are no mutations in which 2 types of collagen genes?

Answer 54

no mutations in collagen alpha 1 IV or alpha 2 IV genes (embryonic lethal)

Question 55

What is the structure of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 55

fine collagen fibers

Question 56

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Answer 56

ends of long bones, rib cartilages, nose

Question 57

What is the structure of elastic cartilage?

Answer 57

many elastin fibers

Question 58

Where is elastic cartilage found?

Answer 58

external ear

Question 59

What is the structure of fibrocartilage?

Answer 59

strong collagen fibers

Question 60

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Answer 60

pubic symphysis and between vertebrae of spine