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MCBM > Other questions from review Powerpoint > Flashcards

Other questions from review Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

What makes ECM?

A

fibroblasts and neighboring cells

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2
Q

What makes cartilage?

A

chondroblasts

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3
Q

What makes bone?

A

osteoblasts

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4
Q

What makes dentin?

A

odontoblasts

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5
Q

What makes enamel?

A

ameloblasts (epithelial)

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6
Q

What is found in basement membranes?

A

epithelia, muscle, fat, schwann cells

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7
Q

What is the structure of tropocollagen?

A

3 helical strands wrapped around each other

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8
Q

What arrangement do tropocollagen bundles have?

A

tropocollagen fibrils arrange into a staggered array of parallel bundles

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9
Q

Every 4th molecule of tropocologen forms what?

A

striations that are visible by electron microscope

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10
Q

collagen crosslinks are via what?

A

lysinonorleucine

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11
Q

What is the enzyme that produces lysinonorleucine?

A

lysyl amino oxidase

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12
Q

What cofactor is required for lysyl amino oxidase?

A

vit. B 6

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13
Q

What types of collagen are found in interstitial connective tissue?

A

type I, II, III, V, and XI

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14
Q

What is the major stress bearing component of cartilage, tendons, and ligaments?

A

collaagen

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15
Q

Where is type I collagen found? (9)

A

in most connective tissue, bone, tendon, skin, dentin, ligament, fascia, arteries and the uterus

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16
Q

Where is type II collagen found? (1)

A

vitreous humor (articular surfaces)

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17
Q

Type II collagen is a component of what?

A

hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

What is found in collagen type III?

A

reticular fibers

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19
Q

Where is type III collagen found? (4)

A

skin, arteries, uterus, and periodontal ligament

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20
Q

Where is type IV collagen found? (1)

A

the lens

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21
Q

Type IV collagen is the most abundant structural component of what?

A

basement membranes

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22
Q

What makes type VIII collagen?

A

endothelial cells

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23
Q

What makes type X collagen?

A

chondrocytes during endochondral ossification

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24
Q

What two types of collagen are multiplexins?

A

types XV and XVIII

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25
Q

What do multiplexins have and where are they found?

A

have multiple triple helix domains and interruptions and they are found in basement membranes

26
Q

What does troponin c bind to?

A

calcium

27
Q

What is the arrangement of thin muscle filaments?

A

doubles stranded tropomycin

28
Q

What type of muscle does not use troponin in muscle contraction/calcium binding?

A

smooth muscle

29
Q

What does smooth muscle use for muscle contraction/calcium binding?

A

calmodulin

30
Q

What are the two things that calmodulin activates?

A

myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and caldesmon

31
Q

What is the process calcium binding in smooth muscle contraction?

A
  1. Calcium binds to calmodulin (CaM)
  2. Calcium + calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)
  3. MLCK phosphorylates light chains in myosin heads and increase myosin ATPase activity which creates muscle tension
32
Q

What is G actin?

A

individual globular actin molecules

33
Q

What is F actin?

A

fibrous complex of G actin molecules

34
Q

How is tropomyosin regulated in smooth muscle contraction?

A

it is regulated with a calcium/calmodulin regulated protein called caldesmon

35
Q

What happens to muscle contraction after death?

A

energy stored by myosin is released and ADP and Pi dissociate from myocin which results in relaxation of myocin and induces longitudinal sliding of actin and myosin filaments

36
Q

Is there any source of ATP after death?

A

no that’s why no calcium can be pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

when myosin continues attaching to the available actin binding sites and muscle contraction will continue

38
Q

What is the structure of myosin?

A

two heavy chains coil from carboxy terminus

39
Q

What does the amino terminus form?

A

globular heads

40
Q

What associates with the head region?

A

light chains

41
Q

What results in heavy and light meromyosin?

A

cleavage with trypsin and papain

42
Q

What enzyme goes up at the earliest time point following a heart attack?

A

troponin

43
Q

What are the other two enzymes that peak following a heart attack?

A

(troponin is first)

then creatine kinase and then lactate dehydrogenase

44
Q

What type of metabolism does cardiac muscle have?

A

totally aerobic

45
Q

Is there a lot of mitochondria in cardiac muscle?

A

yes

46
Q

In what form does cardiac muscle store energy?

A

in the form of phosphocreatine

47
Q

What is oxidized in cardiac muscle?

A

glucose and ketone bodies

48
Q

What is the storage in skeletal muscle that can be used in aerobic conditions?

A

glycogen storage

49
Q

What is used during light activity or rest in skeletal muscle?

A

fatty acids, ketone bodies, blood glucose

releases C02

50
Q

What are the 2 things used during bursts of heavy activity in skeletal muscle?

A

phosphocreatine (releases creatine)

muscle glycogen
releases lactate

51
Q

How much phosphocreatine is in the skeletal muscle?

A

10-30milimolar

ALOT

52
Q

What is the benefit of phosphocreatine?

A

it is a reserve for ATP (storage of high energy phosphates) this is a way to hide them because if there was excess ATP the body would stop the processes used to produce ATP but if they are stored as high energy phosphates in phosphocreatine then the processes continue and this can be used during bursts of heavy activity

53
Q

What are some inherited diseases that are caused by defects in genes that affect basement membranes?

A

other collagen alpha IV chains, collagen VII, collagen, XVII, laminin5, integrins

54
Q

There are no mutations in which 2 types of collagen genes?

A

no mutations in collagen alpha 1 IV or alpha 2 IV genes (embryonic lethal)

55
Q

What is the structure of hyaline cartilage?

A

fine collagen fibers

56
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

ends of long bones, rib cartilages, nose

57
Q

What is the structure of elastic cartilage?

A

many elastin fibers

58
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

external ear

59
Q

What is the structure of fibrocartilage?

A

strong collagen fibers

60
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

pubic symphysis and between vertebrae of spine

MCBM (6 decks)

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